Environmental Protection Agency

Environmental Protection Agency is an agency of the United States government that protects human health and the environment. It also writes the rule and makes sure that it is followed. The industry regulations are set by A federal standards. The US federal emission standards for engines and vehicles, including standard for greenhouse gas emissions, are established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The EPA authority regulates engine emissions and the air quality based on the clean air act in 1990. The noncompliant behavior addressed in the article state that â€Å"Germany top domestic automakers may have evaded emissions rules†. Follow by weeks later another article, state that â€Å"BMW's x5 model, built in 2009 to 2013 and BMW 330D model, sold in 2009 to 2011. All the of the models emit levels of nitrogen oxide higher than their gasoline counterparts†. The development of engine emission standard happen when a procedure of the US rule creates it. New regulation is published as proposed rules, then follow by a time of public discussion. Furthermore, the new rule is finalized and signed into law. In the BMW noncompliant case German prosecutors, the United State Justice Department and EPA searched and seized potential evidence at BMW headquarter in Austria. Follow by United State Justice Department files class action lawsuit in a New Jersey court for alleged emissions cheating on diesel vehicles. The BMW vehicles promised power, fuel economy, and efficiency are obtained only by turning off or turning down emission controls when the software in there vehicles senses that they are not in an emissions testing environments. The enforcement of the problem that cause the raid were software had been installed by mistake, and the company had not intentionally tired to deceive regulators. During internal testing, â€Å"BMW realized that a correctly developed software module had been allocated in error to models. BMW would recall about 11,000 cars containing the software fix the problem†. Governance, risk management and compliance is an organization approach across three areas: Governance, risk management and compliance. It is an integrated collection of capabilities that enable an organization to reliably achieve objectives. It is referred to keeping the company on track, activities manage in department such as internal audit, compliance, risk, legal, finance, IT, HR, and executive suite. â€Å"The compliance challenges are in five different areas: Organizational for a complex business process supporting financial operations are often linked to complex IT systems that are still manual and paper driven. Psychological are most decision makers look at regulation as extra constraints to their operations. Financial are a critical element is the cost implication. Technical can create a flexible framework that can nurture a business can serve well for the regulators. Political and public pressure on regulators are certainly other factors. New political may mean some will regulation will be withdrawn from the market and now ones can be introduced.† The BMW Group's corporate culture is clear with responsibility, mutual respect and trust. Lawful conduct and fair competition are integral to our business activities and an important condition for securing the long-term success of our company. BMW Group also established a compliance management system equipped with instruments and measure to help associates and managers handle legal risks and therefore ensure legal compliance. Regulatory Specialist for â€Å"Oasis Petroleum† – This position is responsible for state and local environmental and regulatory permitting in support of oil and gas operations. The duties will include regulatory reporting at the State and Federal levels. The job functions are responsible for the preparation and tracking of all regulatory operations. Meet with government officials in the regulatory department to ensure company strategy align with rulemaking.Coordinate regulatory hearings and proceedings. Make certain all annual updates, renewal, and reports are submitted to state and local municipal entities. Keep company informed of any changes to permit requirements to ensure compliance. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency is an agency of the United States government that protects human health and the environment. It also writes the rule and makes sure that it is followed. The industry regulations are set by A federal standards. The US federal emission standards for engines and vehicles, including standard for greenhouse gas emissions, are established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The EPA authority regulates engine emissions and the air quality based on the clean air act in 1990. The noncompliant behavior addressed in the article state that â€Å"Germany top domestic automakers may have evaded emissions rules†. Follow by weeks later another article, state that â€Å"BMW's x5 model, built in 2009 to 2013 and BMW 330D model, sold in 2009 to 2011. All the of the models emit levels of nitrogen oxide higher than their gasoline counterparts†. The development of engine emission standard happen when a procedure of the US rule creates it. New regulation is published as proposed rules, then follow by a time of public discussion. Furthermore, the new rule is finalized and signed into law. In the BMW noncompliant case German prosecutors, the United State Justice Department and EPA searched and seized potential evidence at BMW headquarter in Austria. Follow by United State Justice Department files class action lawsuit in a New Jersey court for alleged emissions cheating on diesel vehicles. The BMW vehicles promised power, fuel economy, and efficiency are obtained only by turning off or turning down emission controls when the software in there vehicles senses that they are not in an emissions testing environments. The enforcement of the problem that cause the raid were software had been installed by mistake, and the company had not intentionally tired to deceive regulators. During internal testing, â€Å"BMW realized that a correctly developed software module had been allocated in error to models. BMW would recall about 11,000 cars containing the software fix the problem†. Governance, risk management and compliance is an organization approach across three areas: Governance, risk management and compliance. It is an integrated collection of capabilities that enable an organization to reliably achieve objectives. It is referred to keeping the company on track, activities manage in department such as internal audit, compliance, risk, legal, finance, IT, HR, and executive suite. â€Å"The compliance challenges are in five different areas: Organizational for a complex business process supporting financial operations are often linked to complex IT systems that are still manual and paper driven. Psychological are most decision makers look at regulation as extra constraints to their operations. Financial are a critical element is the cost implication. Technical can create a flexible framework that can nurture a business can serve well for the regulators. Political and public pressure on regulators are certainly other factors. New political may mean some will regulation will be withdrawn from the market and now ones can be introduced.† The BMW Group's corporate culture is clear with responsibility, mutual respect and trust. Lawful conduct and fair competition are integral to our business activities and an important condition for securing the long-term success of our company. BMW Group also established a compliance management system equipped with instruments and measure to help associates and managers handle legal risks and therefore ensure legal compliance. Regulatory Specialist for â€Å"Oasis Petroleum† – This position is responsible for state and local environmental and regulatory permitting in support of oil and gas operations. The duties will include regulatory reporting at the State and Federal levels. The job functions are responsible for the preparation and tracking of all regulatory operations. Meet with government officials in the regulatory department to ensure company strategy align with rulemaking.Coordinate regulatory hearings and proceedings. Make certain all annual updates, renewal, and reports are submitted to state and local municipal entities. Keep company informed of any changes to permit requirements to ensure compliance.

Pareto Principle Essay

The term â€Å"Pareto principle† can also refer to Pareto efficiency. The Pareto principle (also known as the 80–20 rule, the law of the vital few, and the principle of factor sparsity) states that, for many events, roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes. Business? management consultant Joseph M. Juran suggested the principle and named it after Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, who observed in 1906 that 80% of the land in Italy was owned by 20% of the population; he developed the principle by observing that 20% of the pea pods in his garden contained 80% of the peas. It is a common rule of thumb in business; e. g. , â€Å"80% of your sales come from 20% of your clients. † Mathematically, where something is shared among a sufficiently large set of participants, there must be a number k between 50 and 100 such that â€Å"k% is taken by (100 ? k)% of the parcipants. † The number k may vary from 50 (in the case of equal distribution, i. e. , 100% of the population have equal shares) to nearly 100 (when a tiny number of participants account for almost all of the resource). There is nothing special about the number 80% mathematically, but many real systems have k somewhere around this region of intermediate imbalance in distribution. The Pareto principle is only tangentially related to Pareto efficiency, which was also introduced by the same economist. Pareto developed both concepts in the context of the distribution of income and wealth among the population. In economics The original observation was in connection with population and wealth. Pareto noticed that 80% of Italy’s land was owned by 20% of the population. He then carried out surveys on a variety of other countries and found to his surprise that a similar distribution applied. Due to the scale? invariant nature of the power law relationship, the relationship applies also to subsets of the income range. Even if we take the 10 wealthiest individuals in the world, we see that the top three (Warren Buffett, Carlos Slim Helu, and Bill Gates) own as much as the next seven put together. A chart that gave the inequality a very visible and comprehensible form, the so? alled ‘champagne glass’ effect was contained in the 1992 United Nations Development Program Report, which showed the distribution of global income to be very uneven, with the richest 20% of the world’s population controlling 82. 7% of the world’s income. The Pareto principle has also been used to attribute the widening economic inequality in the United States to ‘skill? biased technical change’—i. e. , income growth accrues to those with the education and skills required to take advantage of new technology and globalization.

The Sierra Leone Civil War (Methods used by the RUF whether effective Research Paper

The Sierra Leone Civil War (Methods used by the RUF whether effective or not) - Research Paper Example In presenting this paper, I intend to analyze the effectiveness of the methods used by the RUF in terrorising young children and other refugees in becoming forced fighters as well as their sheer ruthlessness in destroying civilian dwellings by theft, loot, and murder. In doing so, I have considered to present some important events of the war: the beginning of the war and the formation/evolution of RUF, the resistance faced by the RUF, techniques implemented by the RUF, effects of the war and the RUF brutalities, and the eventual end of the war along with the RUF. The paper ends with a conclusion regarding the effectiveness of the RUF in their approach and the effects that it generated throughout the life and times of the people of the fated country – Sierra Leone. Tarawalie 2 BEGINNING OF THE WAR: THE FORMATION OF RUF AND ITS AGENDA On 23rd March, 1991, Sierra Leone was engulfed in a civil war that was to last for more than a decade. The inception of the war was triggered by t he rebel army named Revolutionary United Front which was led by Foday Sankoh – a former corporal of the Sierra Leone army who later became a pro-Gaddafi insurgent. On returning back from Libya after receiving specialised training, he initiated an insurgency movement which later culminated into a civil war. His actions were supported by Charles Taylor- the then Liberian president â€Å"who (Charles Taylor) was the principal beneficiary from this criminal business† (Gberie 184). Although the RUF theme was aimed solely to set up a multi-party democracy by overthrowing the Momoh regime, they completed failed to define a future political agenda. What seemed to be the bottom-line were the massive diamond resources that were to come under their disposal once the current regime was powerless. These economic perks along with the ineffectual retaliation from the government forces and the subsequent defection by many civilians and soldiers led the country to a grotesque civil war . Although the RUF would later face some resistance from the Sierra Leone army, negligence and incompetence would allow them to later push back across the country and maintain their strongholds on many economically and geographically important areas like the mines of Moyamba and Bonthe districts and the country’s capital- Freetown. For most of Sierra Leone’s youth, there were only limited options left- either to remain where they were and get themselves obliterated by the rebels or to flee to the neighbouring Liberia. Ironically, this was to led them into war rather than distance them from the conflict. What the world was going to witness was the grotesque killings of refugees and forced inclusion of children into the military either by force or by the fake promises of food, water and medical care. Tarawalie 3 RESISTANCE FACED BY THE RUF The RUF in the course of its aggressive journey encountered many resistances which it either quelled or dealt with tactical approach. "Despite their brutality the RUF retained coherence as a military force and their links to neighbouring Liberia ensured that they could maintain themselves with equipment and provisions" (Dorman 38). Nevertheless, most of the initial resistances were either not consistent or were quite incompetent in their fight

I tried to eat healthy for two weeks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

I tried to eat healthy for two weeks - Essay Example Similarly fast food is also composed of such ingredients which can be harmful to the body. In order to lead a healthy life one has to balance his nutritional intake so that he does not consume unhealthy foods. These are the main reasons because of which I tried to eat healthy food for two weeks by cutting down on my diet. In my practice of consuming healthy foods I sought to cut out on the things which I considered unhealthy for my body. To start with I cut out on my daily soda consumption in order to avoid any sort of carbonated drink. I consumed water and tea as an alternative to soda as both of them are comparably healthier in my view than soda. Healthy food was my aim so I had to cut out on my consumption of fast food. I could not achieve this aim if I did not cook at my home so I preferred cooking at home instead of going out which proved to be a successful plan in cutting down my diet of fast food. I preferred salad over other things as it has essential vegetables which are hea lthy for my body.

Interventional Literature Review on the Prevention of Type II Diabetes Research Paper

Interventional Literature Review on the Prevention of Type II Diabetes Mellitus - Research Paper Example Vegetarian and vegan diets also improve plasma lipid concentrations and have been shown to reverse atherosclerosis progression. In clinical studies, the reported acceptability of vegetarian and vegan diets is comparable to other therapeutic regimens. The presently available... literature indicates that vegetarian and vegan diets present potential advantages for the management of type 2 diabetes. American Diabetes Association (2011).Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2011. Diabetes Care, 34(S1): S11.Fasanmade, O. A., Odeniyi, I. A., and Ogbera, A. O. (2008). Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Diagnosis and Management.  African journal of medicine and medical sciences, 37 (2):105. Abstract The objective of this manuscript is to review the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of diabetic ketoacidosis, one of the most common acute complications of diabetes mellitus. We performed a medline search of the English-language literature using a combination of words (diabetic ketoacidosi s, hyperglycemic crises) to identify original studies, consensus statements and reviews on diabetic ketoacidosis published in the past 15 years. Emphasis was placed on clinical manifestations of diabetic ketoacidosis, its diagnosis and treatment.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute complication of diabetes mellitus that can be life-threatening if not treated properly. Once thought to occur only in patients with type 1 diabetes, diabetic ketoacidosis has also been observed in patients with type 2 diabetes under certain conditions. The basic underlying mechanism for diabetic ketoacidosis is insulin deficiency coupled with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones, such as glucagon, cortisol, catecholamines, and growth hormone. Diabetic ketoacidosis can be the initial presentation of diabetes mellitus or precipitated in known patients with diabetes mellitus by many factors, most commonly infection. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis involves careful clinical evaluation, cor rection of metabolic abnormalities, identification and treatment of precipitating and co-morbid conditions, appropriate long-term treatment of diabetes, and plans to prevent recurrence. Many cases of DKA can be prevented by better access to medical care, proper education, and effective communication with a health care provider during intercurrent illness. Provision of guidelines will also reduce mortality. Resources need to be redirected towards prevention by funding better access to care and educational programs. Abstract DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS AND THE HYPERGLYCEMIC hyperosmolar state are the most serious complications of diabetic decompensation and remain associated with excess mortality. Insulin deficiency

Experimental work on the mechanical properties of concrete using Dissertation

Experimental work on the mechanical properties of concrete using recycled aggregates - Dissertation Example This paper illustrates that the main environmental problem in the world today is the disposal of waste material. In order to protect the environment, the consumption of natural energy is reduced while the consumption of waste energy is increased. This minimizes the amount of natural resources that is used which in turn helps in the conservation of natural resources. Every construction activity needs a lot of materials. Some of these materials include; sand, bricks, timber and mud. However amongst these materials, concrete remains the most important of them all. With respect to the environment and adaptability, the concrete that is used in any construction must satisfy all the environmental and economical needs of any given area. When we use recycled aggregate for construction then we are able to construct the environment while at the same time minimize the cost used in the construction process. The waste and by products of cement contain almost 75% of natural aggregates and so it is of greater importance as natural aggregates. When we talk about recycled aggregates here we mean; slag, waste from power plants, used concrete, quarrying and mining wastes, waste glass and many more. There are lots of demolished concrete that is left without use in demolished sites as well as construction sites. These concrete wastes provide are the main source of recycled waste that we will look at their strength. Cement (Portland cement) History Portland cement is the main type of cement that is used in making concrete in construction site. Its fine powder is produced by grinding clinker and some limited amount of calcium sulfate. It was developed in the early 19th century in Britain from natural cement. The name is derived from Portland stone, a building stone that was used during the same time. The origin of Portland cement is believed to be from Aspdin Joseph. He was a brick layer from Britain Leeds. One of his employees Johnson developed a production technique which resulted i n hard and fast drying cement. The cement also had high compressive strength as compared to other concrete. As days passed, people started to prefer the Portland cement to the roman cement which had been in use for many years. In 1843 Aspin’s son William made a version of this cement which was improved. He named it patent Portland cement though it did not have patent in it. He later moved to Germany to improve cement making and came up with Portland cement. In 1878 the German government gave a standard for Portland cement. Hydration When Portland is mixed with water and it reacts with it, a process called hydration, this mixed with sand and some gravel produces a synthetic rock, which we call concrete. This concrete is very essential in today’s world as electricity and water. During the hydration process, four main types of minerals are always present. They include belite, alite, aluminate, and ferrite. The addition of water causes an exothermic reaction to occur, afte r this reaction, (C3A) reacts with water forming aluminum gel. This gel in turn reacts with any sulphates in the mixture to form ettringite. The

RESEARCHING BEHAVIORS OF INTERNET SHOPPING Research Paper - 1

RESEARCHING BEHAVIORS OF INTERNET SHOPPING - Research Paper Example For this research a lot of literature has been analyzed in depth and quantitative research design will be used for the purpose of conducting this research. This research will be conducted with full authenticity and all areas regarding the current and future trends in internet shopping will be investigated. The internet has become accessible to public for over twenty years by now. It came upon the scene and has exploded in popularity like few things have ever done in the history of mankind. Since the introduction of the World Wide Web, its value in the area of commerce as well as human life has been growing. Skeptical at first, online consumerism has steadily increased and, along with it, has come some positive and negative behaviors. Online business has been the most distinctive feature in this internet era. The internet is used by all types of people on a daily basis for multiple purposes. Internet shopping is one of the most accepted forms internet activities after email and browsing. Online business is the process of buying products through the internet. This has become the easiest way to purchase various items people want, without physically visiting the shop. When the customers wish to buy a product or service, they will explore it online and further make an evaluative learning about the product. This online shopping allows the consumers to search for information about the product and its prices. It opens a vast opportunities for the shoppers to study the product details. There will be several collections of items from books, prints, games to electronics, household materials, etc. They will be better attracted by learning the facts about the products they intended to buy. Then they assess other options avai lable and lastly make a decision to buy the one that most suits their needs, considering all aspects of the product. After, this, the money transaction is done and then the materials are provided. The instances of people

Concept of courage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Concept of courage - Essay Example Fear is a prerequisite for courage. Fear is the consequence of an insight of vulnerability, which is recognized by the accurate or inaccurate assessment or estimation of a threat as outweighing the individual resources. The only validated scale used to calculate courage was of late produced by Schmidt and Koselka in a cognitive therapy research. The Courage measuring Scale used in this study was constructed 7-item scale. The first three items used were to assess the broad-spectrum of courage, while the last four items assessing panic-specific courage. The scales do not illustrate the number of situational domains, and the third item on the three-item scale questions participants if they are fearless. Despite the fear being said to be a precondition for courage, it is rated to be in a positive direction as other items that result in two high scores. One indicating courage and the other indicating a general absence of fear. Many analysis and correlations were used to see the sights of the relationships among courage, toughness, and physical illness. Hardiness or toughness was not found to be a considerable analyst of physical illness for the participants’ Hardiness was found to be a weak predictor of physical illness for men. There are no other variables in this study that were found to be an important predictor of physical illness, and the variations of the courage scores did not enhance the relationship between hardiness and physical illness when variance accounted for by gender was controlled.

Statement of problem, opportunity, objectives Essay Example for Free

Statement of problem, opportunity, objectives Essay Alan Baird, the founding figure of Stitch it, a primarily mall based service provider which officers alteration services to the private and public sector, was now the company’s CEO. In 1990, Baird sold Stitch it to a business group after sales and income had begun to slow. After selling his company and having stayed on as CEO, he oversaw the growth of the company and overall expansion form the initial 3 stores under Baird’s direct leadership, to today’s 84 stores throughout Canada and the United States. Now having the opportunity to buy back his business venture, his daughter, Jennifer Baird has expressed her interest I becoming an executive in the Stitch It Group. Analysis of situation Although Jennifer Baird has graduated from The University of Western Ontario with a bachelor’s degree in the administrative and commercial studies program in 2000, she lacks real-time experience to go into the Stitch It Group and lead as an executive. She would have a difficult time attempting to adjust to the fast paced environment in addition to having the support from her peers or the respect from her employees without having earned her â€Å"stripes.† To address the concern, Alain Baird proposed a plan of attack to expose his daughter to the much needed experience by completing a 10-year plan. The plan called for her to assume the role of a local store moving up to managing operations to various stores and then rotating thru positions in business operations, accounting department, marketing and human resources before heading into an executive position Identification and evaluation of alternatives Alternative #1: Jennifer Baird can continue with her education and her goal to be a top executive by taking courses and earning a degree in business management. Advantage: She would take this education into a tentative 10-year program her father will develop and expose her to real-life situations with the day-to-day operations of the group. Disadvantage: This option might deter her father from purchasing the group in the manner that it would be up to an additional four years of schooling before she can accompany and assist him the business operations. Alternative #2: Alan Baird takes his daughter, Jennifer Baird, under his wing and shows her â€Å"the ropes† after completing her education at The University of Western Ontario and assigns her to and extended internship program after he accepts the offer to buy back his previous business group. Advantage: Alan Baird fulfills his dream to operate a family business; in addition he assures himself his daughter obtains the necessary exposure to the successes and failure of running the business. Disadvantage: Within time, Alan Baird might not have the physical stamina to run the family business and keep up with his daughter’s training. Decision, course of action, implementation Alternative #2 is the best course of action available to Alan Baird. By taking his daughter under his leadership, he can share first-hand experience and knowledge to overcome and continue in the groups’ success and he can have the family business he always sought after.

Effect of culture in business Essay Example for Free

Effect of culture in business Essay 1. A growing number of Americans work for foreign-owned firms in the United States. Do you think that these American employees are being influenced by the foreign owners approach to management and the culture of the country of the owner? Because of globalization, businesses are open to do business in new markets and improving profits. Also because of globalization, companies are faced with different cultures, religion and norms. For a company to do business in another country, a manager needs to understand the differences associated with the host country. Globalization is defined as this interdependency of transportation, distribution, communication, and economic networks across international borders (Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly, Konopaske, 2012, p 57). Each firm has their own organizational culture. According to Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman (2001), organizational culture represents a complex pattern of beliefs, expectations, values and behaviors shared by organizational members. The knowledge of the culture in which an employee is working is crucial. In a dynamic and fast changing environment the inter and intra organizational behavior changes the productivity and growth trends (Chaturvedi, 2002). Because of the organizational culture most foreign-owned firms will tend to impose that culture on their employees. Just like U.S. companies settling abroad, foreign-owned companies will face some difficulties operating in a country with different culture. Based on Hofstedes research, which studies how values in the workplace are influenced by culture, four dimensions have been identified as explaining: Uncertainty avoidance: degree to which people are comfortable with ambiguous situations and with the inability to predict future events with accuracy (Gibson et al., 2012, p 69). Masculinity-Femininity: A culture that has a high masculinity orientation tends to emphasize on dominance, assertiveness, and interdependence. A culture with tendency of femininity orientation will emphasize more on interdependence, compassion, and emotional openness. Individualism-Collectivism: Tendency of a cultures norms and values to emphasize on satisfying individual needs or group needs (Gibson et al., 2012, p 69). Power distance: Degree to which members of a society accept differences in power and status among themselves (Gibson et al., 2012, p 69) Because each culture fits differently in the four dimensions, a foreign-owned firm will keep its own culture as it will be easier to deal with than having different organizational cultures in each country it operates. Americans who work for those companies are indeed influenced by their approach of management. 2. Assume that you want to develop your global skills so that you can pursue international assignments with your company. Identify five skills that you would want to develop and describe how you would go about improving these skills. Globalization is defined as this interdependency of transportation, distribution, communication, and economic networks across international borders (Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly, Konopaske, 2012, p 57). Managers are more and more in contact with different cultures. According to HRMagazine (2012), business skills, clture and customs skills, geographic, political and economic skills need to be developed. Based on Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly, Konopaske (2012), the five main skills are: Global strategic skills: knowing how the economy (i.e. global financial markets), politics (i.e. foreign affairs, international law) are good ways for managers to know how to conduct business in another country. Team-building skills: Companies require more and more that their employees know how to work as part of a team. Team-building is a way to have more done more efficiently. A manager should know how to delegate work and know what each team members can or cannot do. Organization skills: It is important to know how employees react to certain management approach. McGregors motivational theory X and Y provides management approaches that can apply to motivate employees. Communication skills: Communication is essential when working abroad. It is imperative that a manager or employee be able to communicate with peers and superiors effectively. Transfer of knowledge skills: Learning about a practice, technique, or approach in one country that can be transferred elsewhere is a skill that managers can apply on a regular basis (Gibson et al., 2012, p 62). 3. Describe the attitudes a manager would need to be successful and effective in managing in India, China, and Saudi Arabia. A manager would need to have the same basic skills in order to a successful and effective manager in India, China, and Saudi Arabia. According to Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly, Konopaske Strong technical skills Good language skills Strong desire to work overseas Knowledge of the culture Well-adjusted family situation Spouse support Behavioral flexibility Adaptability Good relational ability Stress management skills According Goodall and Warner (2007), a manager who wants to work in China would need to be: Open-minded to the culture shock. Desire to learn the language and culture. Good communication skills. Strong organizational commitment: Think not what your company can do for you, but what you can do for your company (Goodall et al., 2007, p 13). In China, it is hard to retain employees due to the competition of labor. China does not have enough skilled labors and is experiencing tremendous growth economically. To be an effective manager, one should be able to retain employees and adapt to the culture in order to not lose such precious asset. According to Bhuian, Al-shammari, Jefri (2001), a manager needs have a strong organizational commitment, strong desire to work with foreign assignment, and especially good communication skills in order to work in Saudi Arabia. Trainings should be available to the expatriate manager. Gibson et al. identified three steps: Predeparture, which helps the manager prepare for the culture shock. Overseas Assignments, which is to help the manager ease into the culture. Having a mentor or a guide to introduce him or her to the culture. Repatriation, which is helping the manager adjusting back to his own culture when returning from assignment. References Assess-and improve-your global skills. (2012). _HRMagazine, 57_(8), 79. Retrieved from http://www.shrm. org/countryguides Bhuian, S. N., Al-shammari, E. S. and Jefri, O. A. (2001), Work-related attitudes and job characteristics of expatriates in Saudi Arabia. Thunderbird Intl Bus Rev, 43: 21-32. doi: 10.1002/1520-6874(200101/02)43:13.0.CO;2-B Chaturvedi, A. (2002). Organizational behavior. _Finance India, 16_(4), 1482-1484. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxylocal.library.nova.edu/docview/224360708?accountid=6579 Gibson, J.G., Ivancevich, J.M., Donnelly, J.H., Konopaske, R. (2012). _Organizations: Behavior, structure, processes_ (14th ed.)_._ New York: McGraw-Hill. Goodall, K.L.N., Warner, M. (2007). Expatriate managers in China: The influence of Chinese culture on cross-cultural management. _Journal of General Management._ Retrieved from: http://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/research/working_papers/2007/wp0701.pdf Hellriegel, Don, Slocum, John W. Woodman, Richard W.; Organizational Behavior, South-Western Thomson Learney, 2001, pp 671.

Concept Of Citizenship To A Global View Politics Essay

Concept Of Citizenship To A Global View Politics Essay Global citizenship aims at bringing the concept of citizenship to a global view. it is a term used to cover political, economic, environmental and social actions of global minded people, as well as communities on a global perspective. It is a concept that is aimed at helping people understand the ever changing world. As a concept, global citizenship has a great appeal. It is thus sought by various institutions in an effort to promote world peace and make people responsible global citizens. Due to its world wide scale, global citizenship has other diverse definitions depending on the area of study. This paper focuses on explaining the concept of global citizenship as used in education and business. Global Citizenship Global citizenship can be explained from various points of view. From a personal perspective, global citizenship involves awareness of self as well as awareness of others. According to McIntosh, global citizenship is the ability to view oneself with regard to ones role in the wider world. Additionally, global citizenship emphasizes on the importance of balancing the awareness of ones self realities with the realities of others who are outside ones perceived self. This is an individual dimension, which focus on gaining a reflective understanding for others as well as showing empathy to them. Therefore, this is the starting point to becoming a global citizen from an individual perspective. Similarly, other scholars have also put emphasis on the importance of understanding ones self in relation to the perceptions of other people in explaining global citizenship (Noddings, 2005). Since global citizenship does not impart on the legal status, it is expressed well associatively in a distinct manner from the expressions of citizenship. This implies that global citizenship is the basis for individuals to work, live and act within transnational ethics that defy national sovereignty and boundaries, as well. Individual efforts to becoming a global citizen are voluntary and are thus based on subjective and fluctuating criteria. An individual may opt to take their role in the global arena out of free will. Besides, from and individual definition and understanding of global citizenship, one cannot be forced to respect and value social diversity that exist and varies from one country to another (Luis, 2010). A global social role has to originate from ones inner self and the desire of the self to pursue and view things from a wider world perspective. Another perspective of explaining the concept of global citizenship in based on the roles assumed by various individuals in the international arena. Such individual roles include global reformers, global business elite, global environmentalists, elite global merchants, political conscious regionalists and transnational activists. Each of these global based groups play an active role in fostering global citizenship. Although their roles may be diverse, their collective efforts are geared towards a global responsibility. The major role of global reformers is driving human kind towards one world. They drive the world as one by promoting peace and intense efforts to eradicate social injustices. Other reformers attempt to reach the entire world through various nongovernmental organizations. One such organization is Oxfam international which is aimed at promoting world peace, minimizing poverty levels and dealing with social injustices. Global reformers maintain that the world will soon become a global village give the pace of technological advancements. On the same point of view, people from different corners o the world can connect with each other via social media. The most common social media are Facebook, Twitter, Skype and MySpace. MySpace helps to view the globe from a business point of view by connecting enterprise and merchants through the internet (Darren, 2003). Another group of people are global elite. In specific terms, the global business elite view global citizenship from a business point of view. In this regard, global business elite are constantly seeking better ways of moving their economic ventures in around the globe. On the contrary, they do not seek to take up active global responsibilities. A major challenge that frustrates global business elites efforts is the wide scope of global corporate responsibility. Global corporate responsibility is discussed later in this paper (Lois, 2010). On the other hand, global environmental managers seek global problem solving collaboration. Such collaborations are aimed at dealing with large global concerns. These concerns include global warming as a result of destruction of the ozone layer. Global environmentalists promote a sustainable global environment by setting standards for industrialization. Industries are understood to be the core pollutants of the environment and destruction of the ozone layer. The ozone layer functions to filter and protect harmful sunrays from reaching the surface of the earth. Its destruction by air pollution allows such rays to each the globe thus causing excessive heating of the earth with extremely high temperatures. This is a world concern. Political global elites seek unexplored global community while transnational global activists assume global causes, which may include environmental and human rights protection (Tan, 2005). Explaining global citizenship limits global participation to the economically able. Global citizenship definition based on individual roles thus excludes the role of the poor and those who struggle to survive. Such explanation excludes a large majority of the world people. Lois (2010) provides a more comprehensive definition of citizenship that incorporates the conceptual categories of awareness, responsibility and participation. He defines global citizenship is the individual ability to b aware, take responsibility of their own action and participate by contributing towards a global unity. Awareness, as well as self awareness of the larger world is essential credentials in explaining good global citizenship. Self awareness is the key contributor to awareness. Similarly, awareness leads to recognition of ones global responsibilities as well as moral obligations, which are beyond ones environment. As a result, awareness of ones responsibility leads to participating to promote the global common welfare (Lois, 2010). Global citizenship explanation based on the above three categories of awareness, responsibility and participation offers a more structured way to approach global citizenship. This approach is thus successful for operationalizing the term in faculty led global programs. On the same note, awareness is the most basic of all the three; besides, it is the most realistic and attainable in the short term. A comprehensive global citizenship involves having an individual identity that cuts through various national borders and boundaries and commitment to the common welfare for all. In education, global citizenship aims at equipping students with the necessary knowledge and skills so that they can impact the world in a positive way. It encourages students to be responsible globally. Education for global citizenship is directed at developing students to become active global citizens. Students are taught to adopt the various different cultures in the world. On the same note, a global citizenship education views a global student as one who is well conversant with the wider world and is willing o take an active role as a global citizen. In addition, a global citizen respects and upholds diversity. The current world is diverse. It ranges from the most ancient cultures and traditional way of doing things to the current cultures, which various nation states have adopted today. Global education holds that for an individual to be a global citizen, they must recognize and appreciate diversity and focus on promoting peace and unity in diversity (Robert Katalin, 2011). On the same note, global education equips pupils at an early age with the necessary knowledge to understand how the world operates in different platforms. Such platforms include economically, culturally, politically, environmentally as well as technologically. Besides, global students are expected to take part in activities within a community with a range from local to global levels. By so doing, they are perceived to contribute in making the world a sustainable place. Outraged social injustice is an important trait portrayed by global minded students. Global citizens are accountable for their own actions. That is, they do not blame others for their own action. They are guided by learn think act approach to global citizenship. An individual is expected to earn from their mistakes and take the respective corrective measures (Janet, 2004). Global education institutions have succeeded in creating awareness of other cultures among students. Nevertheless, most international students have developed necessary awareness needed to be a global citizen. This explains why most international students are coping well in international schools. They develop social and interpersonal skills that help them relate with fellow students. On the point of view, global educational equips students with the basis essential skills to appreciate diversity and adapt to foreign cultures with ease. Corporate global citizenship requires businesses corporations to be accountable often referred to as corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility goes beyond considering the norms of the society within which the organization exist to upholding global world values. Global world values involve conservation of world environment. According to Ramon 2010, various businesses have taken corrective measures to check on air pollution to minimize chances of interfering with the ozone layer. Nonetheless, appropriate measure have been put in place to ensure that industrial waste is treated before dispatched to rivers. This ensures that water pollution is addressed to reduce water poising for both human and wild consumption (Samuel Walter, 2009). However, businesses still struggle with a number of world concerns relating to environment, population, poverty, social justice education and health. These concerns still affect nations wellbeing, effectiveness and the productivity of businesses. They also impact negatively on the quality o the world population. Borrowing from the above mentioned issues, businesses are rethinking on their role as global entities. Some are strategizing on how to redress environmental and human capital challenges. Currently, corporate global citizenship entails an understanding and awareness of the future global trends that can affect the world climate for doing business and the global populations quality of life. The business of corporate businesses has moved form the core driver and desire to maximize profits to upholding societal values. Businesses are now actively involved in fostering a sustainable working environment around the globe. Besides, for all multinational, upholding global values and being socially responsible is the key to surviving in the international market. One of the organizations that promote global citizenship is Oxfam International. According to Oxfam, growth in altitude as well as values is based on empathy for others and respect for diversity. On the same perspective, skill development is concentrated upon conflict resolution and critical thinking. Oxfam international also views global citizens as those who are aware of the wider world. Moreover, a global citizen understands how the wider world operates and knows their position and role in the globe. Oxfam further maintains that a global citizen is one who values and respects the many cultures of the world. Nevertheless, a global citizen, in both action and thought, does not support social injustice and is willing to participate in actions directed to counter inequity. As a worldwide organization aimed at minimizing poverty levels and eradicating injustice, Oxfam emphasizes on centers for human rights and the respective elements that need to be fostered in order to secure a greater social justice around the globe. Global citizenship is a wide concept that does not have a generally agreed upon definition. Its definition is derived from the various fields of study and defined according to the discipline of interest. Nevertheless, the major values of global citizenship for any entity are awareness, responsibility and participation.

Tokyo Correspondence Etiquette :: essays research papers fc

As an employee of ABC International, a variety of your business contacts are neither from America nor American; therefore, knowing when and how to deliver effective and well written business correspondences, will help you avoid communication blunders and image-damaging errors that often come with cross-cultural exchanges. In addition to the common sense etiquette that comes with using your manners and being a gentleman, use these tips on cultural differences that could impact how you communicate with business contacts in Tokyo, Japan. Addressing Your Business Contact Drop â€Å"Mister† or â€Å"Misses† and simply add â€Å"-sama† to the last name of your business contact in formal situations and correspondences. If you are uncertain about the pronunciation or spelling of your contacts name, ask for assistance. Introducing Yourself Use last names at all times and do not request that clients call or write to you by your first name. When introducing yourself, business cards are an essential part of introductions and you will not be taken seriously without them. Double-sided business cards in Japanese and English are a must because they show potential business contacts that you are serious, and that you understand and respect their culture. Writing Effectively Write in a polite, non-offensive and respectful manner. Do not ask a Japanese business contact a question that has been phrased negatively. Eliminate jargon and excessive information and reread your correspondences before sending them to ensure that your meaning and tone are clear. In Japan, correspondences are different -- longer letters are favored. Solving Issues or Problems Avoid confrontations by not getting too pushy in your correspondences. Instead, try to get a confirmed date when expecting to receive an answer. At times, it may be impossible to get a straight answer from your business contact, but more than likely you will eventually get to a situation where everyone agrees if you simply â€Å"go with the flow†. By being aware of cultural differences between Americans and Japanese, you will be able to demonstrate proper etiquette and respect for your business contacts at all times. Communicating and writing effective correspondences will show your willingness to increase your cultural knowledge and increase your clientele. Tokyo Correspondence Etiquette :: essays research papers fc As an employee of ABC International, a variety of your business contacts are neither from America nor American; therefore, knowing when and how to deliver effective and well written business correspondences, will help you avoid communication blunders and image-damaging errors that often come with cross-cultural exchanges. In addition to the common sense etiquette that comes with using your manners and being a gentleman, use these tips on cultural differences that could impact how you communicate with business contacts in Tokyo, Japan. Addressing Your Business Contact Drop â€Å"Mister† or â€Å"Misses† and simply add â€Å"-sama† to the last name of your business contact in formal situations and correspondences. If you are uncertain about the pronunciation or spelling of your contacts name, ask for assistance. Introducing Yourself Use last names at all times and do not request that clients call or write to you by your first name. When introducing yourself, business cards are an essential part of introductions and you will not be taken seriously without them. Double-sided business cards in Japanese and English are a must because they show potential business contacts that you are serious, and that you understand and respect their culture. Writing Effectively Write in a polite, non-offensive and respectful manner. Do not ask a Japanese business contact a question that has been phrased negatively. Eliminate jargon and excessive information and reread your correspondences before sending them to ensure that your meaning and tone are clear. In Japan, correspondences are different -- longer letters are favored. Solving Issues or Problems Avoid confrontations by not getting too pushy in your correspondences. Instead, try to get a confirmed date when expecting to receive an answer. At times, it may be impossible to get a straight answer from your business contact, but more than likely you will eventually get to a situation where everyone agrees if you simply â€Å"go with the flow†. By being aware of cultural differences between Americans and Japanese, you will be able to demonstrate proper etiquette and respect for your business contacts at all times. Communicating and writing effective correspondences will show your willingness to increase your cultural knowledge and increase your clientele.

Psychoanalysis Essay -- Essays Papers

Psychoanalysis When people think of psychoanalysis, usually one name comes to mind. This would be Sigmund Freud. Freud, along with Carl G. Jung and Alfred Adler, has impacted the history of psychoanalysis. Further, he has influenced the lives of the men and women during the early 1900s. In today's society, the history of psychoanalysis is continually being discussed among many scholars. Paul Roazen, author of Encountering Freud: The Politics and Histories of Psychoanalysis, has dedicated his professional career to researching the "impact of Freud and his followers not only on politics but on the cultural and intellectual life of this century" (Chodoff 132). One main theme that Roazen emphasizes is the relationship between history and psychoanalysis. In the United States, the term psychohistory has become increasingly popular since about 1945. Psychohistory is the blending of history with the psychoanalytical theories (Gilderhus 129). This idea has raised many questions among scholars and is still a controversial discussion piece at this time. Sigmund Freud: One may question Freud's ideas and wonder what made him so popular during the early 1900s. Many attribute this to the idea that Freud, along with Charles Darwin, is viewed as a critical contributor to our concepts of present day man. Freud saw man as am incomplete product of nature. Further, he proposed that "man at his best and man at his worst is subject to a common set of explanations: that good and evil grow from a common process" (Roazen 24). Many scholars feel that Western society was ready for something to fill the gap that had been formed between religion and the sciences at that time. During the late 1800s, there was extreme controversy o... ...world. Lastly, by 1926, there were psychoanalytic societies in Vienna, Berlin, Budapest, London, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Moscow, Calcutta, and two in the United States. At the same time, three journals had been formed that focused on psychoanalysis. Works Cited - Brill, A.A., ed. The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud. New York: Random House, 1938. - Chodoff, Paul. "Psychoanalysis: Encountering Freud: The Politics and Histories of Psychoanalysis by Paul Roazen." American Journal of Psychiatry 149.1 (1992): 132- 133. - Gilderhus, Mark T. History and Historians: A Historiographical Introduction. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1996. - Lauzun, Gerard. Sigmund Freud: The Man and His Theories. Trans. Patrick Evans. New York: Fawcett, 1962. - Roazen, Paul, ed. Sigmund Freud. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1973.

Merits and demerits of tylers model and skilbeck model

Curriculum development has been looked at In two ways. These are apocryphalness' and ‘product'. As the terms Imply ‘process' Is concerned with the methods means ‘how whereas the ‘product' looks at the outcomes, the end product&dhat'. There are two approaches that have been developed: normative nondestructive. The first approaches are called normative – Objectives (Tyler 1949) and the rational(Tab 1962 and Wheeler 1967) because they provide a sequence of steps. Teaches technical interests of control.The procedural approach (Statehouse 1975,Walker 1972, Skillets 1976, Olivia 1976) which is discussed later in the lecture falsetto the second category of descriptive approaches because it an interactive model. Differentiation between Process and Model:Process: Some synonyms include. Procedure, development, method, progression, practice,course of action. A process is very simply the steps from the beginning of something Its end. We have said that Curriculum De velopment is a process because It has beginning and It Is continuously changing or being developed. Model:Some synonyms: representation or reproduction. Len education when we talk about models we are talking about a diagrammaticrepresentation of something. (See Figure 5. 2 A simple Model of CurriculumDevelopment – course book). Len the curriculum development process, the term model is used to represent the different elements or stages and how they relate to one another. Models are usually abstract pr conceptual. This means that they exist In policemen's. They are very useful in the task of theory building. (Sahara: 2003: 5. 6) A continuum of Curriculum Development Models.

Help Improve Own and Team Practice at School Essay

Please write out each question in full including the reference numbers. 1) Describe the importance of effective team practice in school. Mention the function and objectives of the team in which they work. Ref 3.1, 3.2 2) Describe both your own role and responsibilities and other members in the team:- School Governors- Governors work as a team and are accountable for the performance of the school to parents and the wider community; plans the school’s future direction; selects the head teacher; makes decisions on the school’s budget and staffing including the performance management policy; makes sure the agreed Curriculum is well taught; decides how the school can encourage pupils’ spiritual, moral and cultural development; makes sure the school provides for all pupils including those with special needs. Read more:Â  Essays on Teamwork in Schools (information received from http://www.bromley.gov.uk/info/29/school_governors/21/school_governors/2). Senior Management team- make strategic plans and set procedures in place for forward planning of the school SENCO- In mainstream primary schools the key responsibilities of the SENCO may include: overseeing the day-to-day operation of the school’s SEN policy, coordinating provision for children with special educational needs, liaising with and advising fellow teachers. managing learning support assistants, overseeing the records of all children with special educational needs, liaising with parents of children with special educational needs, contributing to the in-service training of staff, liaising with external agencies including the LEA’s support and educational psychology services, health and social services, and voluntary bodies. (information received from http://www.merton.gov.uk/learning/edinclusion/sendis/role_of_senco.pdf) Teachers- plan and run lessons according to the national curriculum Support staff- Ref 206 3.3 & x-ref 205 Ref 2.1 a,b,c,d,e 3) Mandy is on playground duty; which is shared between all teaching assistants on a rota system. For health & safety reasons staff are not allowed to take coffee/tea onto the playground. Mandy has worked the whole playtime because Romena has not come out to take over. After looking for Romena, Mandy goes straight to the deputy head teacher as she has had a long morning and this is the second time Romena has not been where she should be that week. The deputy head teacher tells Mandy that Romena’s son has been in hospital and that she has been very worried about him as he is due to have an operation that week. What might have been an alternative approach? How could the situation be resolved if Romena is unable to fulfil her duties for the time being? Ref 206 4.6 4.7 (x-ref 203 3.5 b) 4)When and how could you suggest ways in which the team could improve or change existing practice? Ref 206, 4.5 5)Explain the opportunities available to you in order to develop your skills (CPD) Ref 206 2.4 6) Identify ways in which your own knowledge, understanding and skills in literacy, numeracy and ICT impact on your own practice. State possible opportunities to improve these areas for improvement. ( x-ref 210 6.1, 6.2

Lifeboat Ethics and People

Garrett Hardin (b. 1915) is interested in natural science who publishes this to the people who does not know that much information. He graduated at the University of Chicago and at Stanford University where he received Ph.D. which help him in his passion of being a connector between society and an environment. The books he has written so far are for example, Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping the Poor (1974).Helping people that are less fortunate perpetuates the cycle of misfortune and has nothing to help them. In terms of studying an environment earth is called a â€Å"spaceship† to better develop the idea of world ethics where people live in societies with different rules and powers. Those who are seen as rich ones live on lifeboats and poor ones are in water swimming around them. People from not developed countries keep trying to board on the â€Å"lifeboat† in order to survive but â€Å"we must recognize the limited capacity of any lifeboat† (Hardin 47 8) because otherwise no one will survive. The reason for this is the significant difference between growth of population the poor and rich countries.The amount of increasing poor countries would in quarter of the  decade significantly damage the rich ones by consumption and after a decade they might sink them down completely. â€Å"The fundamental error of spaceship ethics, and the sharing it requires, is that it leads to what I call the tragedy of the commons† (480). The way how to help poor people to survive was to create a world food bank but â€Å"a wise and competent government saves out of the production of the good years in anticipation of bad years to come† (481), moreover the not advanced countries would take it all and not give back.The final decision goes from old Chinese adage: â€Å"Give a man a fish and he will east for a day; teach him how to fish and he will eat for rest of his days† which solves the situation. However, the environment, such as , forests or beaches at the expense of the rising population decreases for example, India and its increasing population every year by 15 million.The author seems that he know what he talks about in this article according to his evidence that he is deep focus in his passion for nature and received degrees in high status universities in a similar subject. He did not mention any sources of information he used which could prove his believes. He truly stated facts such as, the population growth is increasing with an example, of India or that rich countries drive the world principles and not economically advanced countries need a help from them and makes the article persuasive.The whole piece leads to conclusion where the author comes back to his first paragraph including information about ethics and control of people’s behavior. People sometimes do not always choose the right decisions based on their culture, location, and thinking. Author tries to explain how they should perceive the world around them and be aware of change in a future according to environmentalists. Even though that the article was written more than thirty years ago it apposite the people’s way of doing things and especially the population growth and the end of the text leads into overall successful summary.According to what is happening in the world in the 21st century this paper shows its true contain. He gives a real manner of how society should look like in order to establish the atmosphere which could consequently better associate people from different side of a boat. People without any rules will live with a status called Anarchy which has never accomplished any success. People’s ancestors for example, in Babylon used to have a social system where rich were in head of the town and  poor had to work hard for them. Although Babylon disappeared most likely because of natural disaster, the system brought them power and prosperity.

Divided Thesis Essay

This year for school I have some goals that I would like to accomplish. As I am coming along to be a senior I have high expectations for myself. My three main goals for myself are to be on high honor roll, to be on varsity volleyball with a better attitude, and lastly be the first in my family in three generations to graduate from high school. Being on high honor roll for me would be really great because I have been on honor roll all my life but I have only been on high honor roll two or three times.With me only going to four classes it should not be to difficult to acquire a four point grade point average. I am capable of doing this but it is going to take work and in order for me to get some scholarships and financial aid for college I need those good grades. The second goal I would like to accomplish is playing varsity volleyball with a better attitude. I go to Jefferson High School and we do not have the best athletic programs so I get frustrated easily with how things are ran an d how my school deals with problems.Having a better attitude about playing on a team with girls that I love should be better than moping about loosing every game. After you loose three games you get down on yourself and it would make it a lot better for the team to stay positive. The last goal for my senior year is to graduate. If I graduate I will be the first one from my mom and dad to my great grandmother and grandfather to graduate high school.Yes I have had uncles graduate but I am the fourth generation and I need to graduate not only for my family but for me to go to college and further my education and better my life. Since I am the first to graduate in so many years I have a lot of responsibilities to under go during this year. These are goals that I should be able to accomplish and they are going to be done for me and my family to better my future and provide me with good options in life.

5 Ways Parents Can Help Students Cope With College Rejection or Waitlist

During admission season, we all know what the last thing anyone wants to see is the infamous â€Å"thin letter.† There are many reasons why this document can be scary or stressful to receive, one of the most obvious being that it can indicate a rejection or a waitlisted status from a beloved school. While this let-down is difficult for you as the parent, it may be hard for you to imagine or understand how your child is feeling during this time — especially if they are reluctant to communicate with you. So how do you come to better understand your child without making them feel like you are prying? And how can you best support them when things don’t turn out exactly in their favor? While this thin letter may feel final, it is important to remember that no matter what, there are always alternatives and always other plans that can be made. Keep reading for some tips and tricks on helping your student cope with a rejection or wait list letter! We know how you might be feeling right now: outraged, shocked, surprised, disappointed, upset. These are all really valid, after all, it’s a scary and stressful time!   While it’s ok (and normal ) to be feeling this way, it’s important to take your child’s perspective into account — if you’re panicked, imagine how they must be feeling. After all, it’s their future in question, not yours.  Ã‚   It’s ok to for you to panic in private, but if you demonstrate that you’re very worried to your child, chances are you’ll make them even more worried, and no one needs that.  Ã‚   Try venting to your friends, your spouse, and other adults that you trust, but try to manage your emotions in front of your child.   It might help you to keep your feelings of panic in check by reminding yourself that there are always alternatives! For more information on gaps years, vocational schools and more, check out these posts: In the case of a rejection or a wait list, be sure to let your child take the lead. If they bring up the rejection/waitlist letter, then that probably means they are ready to talk about it! Listen to how they feel and be sure not to overshadow these feelings with your own. After all, it’s your child’s future, not your own. Take the time to talk to your child about their options — are they waiting on other admissions results? Did your child apply to a safety school? How high up on their list was the school they were rejected/waitlisted from? If they were waitlisted, are they considering taking a spot on the list? While your child should be taking the lead in these conversations about admissions results, if your child doesn’t want to talk about it or seems closed off from discussing it, try gently bringing it up by asking questions. For example, you might say something like, â€Å"How did you feel about getting waitlisted from _______?† Again, in these types of conversations, be sure to keep your own emotions in check and let your child lead the discussion—and also be sure to offer sympathy, support, and advice when your child needs it. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. While it’s easy to focus on the negatives in these situations, it is important to keep things in perspective and celebrate every triumph during the tumultuous time that is admissions season. Maybe your child got rejected from their first choice but was accepted to their second choice. Maybe they were only accepted to their safety school. Whatever the positives are, be sure to focus on them and let your child know how special you think they are. You might even consider doing research about, say, a safety school and showing your child all the cool programs/clubs/organizations they could participate in there. You might end up showing them how to look on the bright side and appreciate the options that are in front of them! In situations where some factors are out of your control, it can be extremely helpful to make a plan and think about your next steps. Sit down with your child and ask them what they plan to do. If it’s a waitlist, will they take the spot? If it’s a rejection, are there other college options? If your child hasn’t received any acceptances, have they considered alternative programs like a gap year/vocational school/service year/etc.? Remember to be hopeful but realistic about your child’s options: in the case of planning, it might be a good idea to keep your expectations low but your head high. Making a plan with your child is also a good way to get them to open up and talk about their plans in a larger sense. Consider asking them about career paths they might be interested in as well as their larger hopes and dreams for the future! While you may want to jump ahead to the planning stage or simply power through this one small disappointment, remember to be sensitive to your child. Chances are, they might be feeling differently from you about their admissions results. It is crucial that you allow your child (and yourself) time to process the disappointing news. This doesn’t mean that you must wallow in the negatives. Rather, you should allow time for the two of you to reflect and process the news. Leaving time to process might mean acknowledging your disappointment from time to time. Sometimes one simply needs to be able to say â€Å"Well, this sucks!† and then move on. Keep in mind, though, that sometimes it’s simply not possible to move on overnight—and that’s okay! There is no question that college admissions season is stressful and rejections are disappointing. Unfortunately, this will not be your child’s only time coping with disappointment in adult life, and the example that you set for them now might end up influencing them in the future. You should encourage your child to treat themselves kindly — emphasize self-care and sensitivity, while also encouraging communication, planning, and positive thinking. Finally, though you may still be disappointed about your child’s waitlist or rejection status, you never know what wins could be right around the corner for them— after all, as Thomas Fuller (and Florence + the Machine ) once said, â€Å" the darkest hour is just before the dawn .†

Restoration and Recovery Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Restoration and Recovery Plan - Essay Example In this paper an attempt is made to understand the Restoration and recovery plan employed by an organization in case of any of an attack or failure of its Information System and also to investigate how the organization manages the scenarios that involve alteration, deletion or destruction of data. The organization chosen for the study of the subject is a Ceramic manufacturing company with roughly 1300 employees. Information System: The organization has deployed an in-house web based ERP system that's essentially serves to integrate its Accounts, HR, Payroll, Inventory & Stores, Commercial Department, Sales, and Fixed Asset wings. The ERP application is deployed on Oracle Application Server with Apache web server. The company has twenty nodal offices spread across the city , all nodal offices are connected in a ring topology through fiber as well as through ISDN lines in order to maintain a 24x7 availability . The nature of work is essentially online transactional processing but owing to the integration of Inventory, it also has data warehousing application. All the twenty sites are centrally managed. A centralized Oracle 10g database hosts the data .The database is ported on two IBM p-series 570 H servers . . The operating system is IBM's AIX -5 L versions 5.3. The storage used is IBM's Fast T-700 storage. High Availability Set-up : The two IBM AIX servers are clustered through IBM's High Availability Cluster Multi Processing (HACMP) version 5.3 . The cluster is operating in cascade mode. In case one node fails due to failure or any kind of attack than the other node detects such a collapse and takes over the entire work load and consequently within four minutes, the business operations are restored. HACMP has emerged as one of the most successful high availability software that provides data protection in case of server failover through multi-connects between the servers to a shared storage through clustering software ("The Benefits", n.d.) Data Protection : The data is stored in IBM's Fast T 700 storage . Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) 1+0 is implemented to optimize the storage for fault tolerance. It provides disk mirroring that duplicates the data between the two disks. So that if one disk gets corrupt or develops any fault than the lost data can be retrieved through its mirrored copy. Such a mirrored configuration also optimizes the performance through striping the data across the mirrored disks. ("RAID 10 overview", n.d.). Data Backups : The data backups constitute the most important part of the IT policy of a company. The data-backups ensure recovery of essential data whenever there is any kind of data loss by way of any file corruption, data stealing or manual transactional error. There are many options available to back-up and recover the data .Almost all the companies employ two procedures to backup the data , hot backup and cold backup .Both these techniques come in handy to retrieve the data whenever the

Assessment of Historical Growth in the US Economy Essay

Assessment of Historical Growth in the US Economy - Essay Example The Constant dollar GDP is also known as the 'Real GDP represents the quantity of economic output. Real GDP is always used in measuring the overall rate at which an economy is grown. The current dollar GDP represents the market value of goods and services produced in a period in a country. In order to solve our question of whether the USA is enjoying the longest continuous expansion of its economy since modern records began the best solution is to retrieve the GDP figures of the US economy over a period up to which the records are available. And compare them to check for the trend of the growth in the US economy expressed through the GDP figures. Usually such kinds of economic data can be obtained from the website of Bureau of Economic Analysis. (BEA) An analysis of the US GDP is expressed in chained dollars in the BEA Website for the period from 1929 to 2006 last quarter. An analysis of the historical GDP figures indicate that the US economy has been continuously showing an increasing trend only except for some years where it shows a negative trend. Especially in the years where there were recessions of the economy the GDP has been continuously growing. From the following Chart it can be observed that the growth of the US economy suffered slightly during the years 1974, 1982 and 1991. These are the known periods of recession where the US economy was recoding a negative growth of -0.51 percent, -1.97percetn, and -0.17percent respectively which are very negligible. Apart from these small deviations in the near past the US economy has been continuously doing well. The observed data is also produced below to show that in the real values also the GDP of the US economy is growing continuously except for intermittent reversals to negative figures. These negative figures are not significant except for certain years like 1932 and 1946 where the negative growth is showing high figures -14.94 percent in 1932 and -12.39 in the year 1946. Chart Showing the Growth in the US Economy From the chart it may also be observed that there has been continuous positive growth in the US GDP figures during the longest spell of year 1992 to year 2006. Thus by examining the growth of the GDP of United States over a period, the statement that "The USA is enjoying today the longest continuous expansion of its economy since modern records began" can be proved. Table Showing the US GDP figures over the years Year GDP Chained Year GDP Chained

Present Value Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Present Value - Assignment Example The monthly profits of this business seem not to be any stable. In this case, the profits vary a lot through high ranges, hence show possibility of not remaining stable at any moment. In as much as the yearly profits show steady increase, the monthly profits show staggering values that may make the business not that stable during the year. The gross margin of this project also shows a high monthly decrease. This shows that revenues increase but at a decreasing rate. The cost of sales also increases even as the sales increase. Therefore, the project experiences a reduction in its net profits from 24.19% to 16.38%. There is also a staggering increase in the net cash flow as shown in the graphs. The monthly profits of Shaved Ice Beverage project seem to be fairly stable, hence not so much risky. The yearly profit for this business seem to be stable and increasing each year. The gross margin will increase in the first year, but get back to normal in the third year, showing staggering growth. Operating expenses, however, increases yearly, hence reducing on the profit. The net profit percentage, however, increases at some significant rate, hence the business is not hat risky. A problem only sets in during its net cash flow where the values are very low, and sometimes go to negative. The third project, the Truck stop business, show fairly stable cash flows throughout the year except for the first two months of the year when the net cash flow becomes too high and too low. Income received from operations, however, increases steadily year after year. The monthly profits is also very high and very stable throughout the year. This is one significant reason that shows that this business is free from risks. However, when one looks at its net profits, it is clear that it increases on the second year, but not with a big range, then gets back on the third year. This probably shows indications of

Strategic management leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic management leadership - Essay Example Fro public organizations to cope with this trend and demand of the present time, there is the need that it adopt a strategic management so as to effectively utilize its resources in meeting immediate objectives and long term goals. Strategic management is then seen as a rational planning process to enable an organization operates more effectively in its environment. To this end, Armitage (1992), define it as a continuous process that works to fit an organization into its changing environment. Thus, strategic management is broader in concept than strategic planning; it entails both strategic planning, which a long term is planning process, and strategic decision, which decisions are taken without consideration to the length of term frame. The strategic management pattern of every organization may differ from what is obtainable in another. While there are areas of similarities, certain aspects are uniquely structured out to suit the operation of the organization in concern. Thus, this essay would compare and contracts on strategic management techniques adopted by two case studies, i.e. Office of Real Property Service (ORPS) and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). The strategic management techniques would be used at looking at the impact it has on strategic leadership and the strategic processes adopted by each organization THE PROCESS OF AN IDEAL STARTEGIC MANAGEMENT As earlier stated, strategic management entails a continuous process that works to make an organization fit into its operating environment by the adequate utilization of its resources. Thus, it involves strategic planning, i.e. long range planning, and decision making that covers the operational activities of the organization without regards for time frame. The implementation of strategic management system is the administrative responsibility of a group of the firm's partners and managers. According to Armitage (1992), the implementation of the strategic management system must be approached in a manner indicating that the small planning group is not trying to take over the firm. It must be made clear from the start that the group will work within the bounds of the organization and that all members of the firm will have input into the process. The support for the strategic management can be increased by the use of consensus decision making rather than formal vote taking. Voting can le ad to division rather than uniting the organization. Consensus decision on the other hand fosters the working together of workers and leads to increased cooperation among members of the organization. The process of strategic management should first focus on formulating the organization's mission and the overall direction of the organization. With the clarification of this, better goals and objectives can be set for the firm to help achieve its mission. On the early stage, the process of strategic management should attempt at identifying those major strategic issues facing the firm. Also, the leaders of the organization should focus on the future strategic issues the organization may face. The next phase of the process involves analyzing the firm's strength and weakness, involving an environmental analysis, and current

Defining my Leadership Direction (Three leadership goals) Essay

Defining my Leadership Direction (Three leadership goals) - Essay Example My perspective as a leader borrows from my short stints of work experience, and has intellect from emerging topics such how to cope with emotional intelligence, to lead virtual teams, and even open up innovations. That is the leader I see myself as informed through Daft in his leadership experience. In my leadership path, I am proud of what I believe in and endeavor to seize opportunities (Daft & Lane, 2008). My personal leadership goals in architect engineering include increasing influence and leading others, increasing my knowledge, and improving my skills and interpersonal skills. A good leader never stops learning hence increasing my knowledge in architect engineering traces back to my experiences. I have gained my experience through community service, architect engineering, financial services and business, and administrative assistant position (Daft & Lane, 2008). All these are avenues where I have taken to known the sort of leader I can be. The path of experience has helped in identifying the areas I want to improve on, such as acquisition of specific skill set or my personal innate abilities. These have contributed into being a well-rounded and valuable leader. It is very important to learn from the past and harnessing all the knowledge and experience for my successful future. I never stop learning, which means I am always excited for every task and opportunity. I believe that optimistic is one of the most important aspect for work and for my life in general. Therefore, every valuable contribution and effective work I do needs to start from inside me at t he first place. According to Daft, attending to industry relevant experiences like my time in Mabnya for Contracting is my path to acquiring effective competence (Daft & Lane, 2008). I have also found myself attached to other valuable activities all in the pursuit to improve my knowledge as a goal in leadership role. For example, I have had a hand in business process analysis and reporting, work time

Complete Training Program Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Complete Training Program - Assignment Example In a hotel environment, there are lots of issues taking place. However, after working the whole day in offices hence they require a lively class so that they do not fall victims. During class hours it is important to resort to interactive and experimental programs so that all the students would grab a little. In order for the program to be successfully completed with effective results, the program should run for six months being that the course is being conducted on the part-time basis. However, this will allow the student to fully complete both theory and practical tests to ascertain their competency in the lucrative field in the Hotel industry. Each and every student taking the course will have to submit a series of theory and practical assignments which will cater for 30% of the final examination at the end of the course. However, this does not mean that the students must dedicate all their efforts towards exams, but through their daily work performance to they will be able to earn points. This affirms that the training is not meant to equip the students with skills to pass the examination but also the ability to confidently work in any given situation with minimum superb vision. To ascertain that the course is well covered, I will not only look at the examination results but also the courage and confidence in the daily work, personal etiquette and customer service criterion among others. Being that learning is a process, I will include unplanned continuous assessment tests which do not require bookwork so that the real picture and efforts in mastering the study topics would be affirmed. First and foremost, learning after work is really tiresome especially in the food industry where there is hardly any rest till evening.

Selection of a Pessure Vessel Manufacturer Assignment

Selection of a Pessure Vessel Manufacturer - Assignment Example top contender somewhat a top contender both seemed good to Jack Tooles capability to meet specification and cleanliness requirement had some reservations had a few reservations both very neither completely capable ,neither did they lack the capability to meet Oceanic requirements equipment and machinary as per company perception new and up-to-date Considerable age, and not of large capacity, but adequate for the job. Also available for use in other places/subsidiary plants Clearly Atomic products were better of the two Factor Continued on next page >>>> Offering company Comment ATOMIC PRODUCTS NUCLEAR equipment and machinary as per Oceanics perception new and up-to-date not as adequate as Atomic Products'. cause for stated cost lower number of man hours required higher number of man hours required Hence Atomic products show a greater degree of efficiency self image of management,machinery,equipment and to meet TARGETS were firm on their abilities and believed they could make such a vessel or bigger relatively confident Both firms are relatively confident in there ability to meet the challenge work disruptions strikes several according to case Company was on a profit sharing plan. No union existed. Workers were at good terms with management. Clearly Nuclear vessels were better, because they would have little work disruptions. This implies that because worker and management interests in profits should result in the best of effort to make the vessel. Factor Continued on next page >>>> Offering company Comment ATOMIC PRODUCTS NUCLEAR staff and area to meet TARGET relatively sufficient One member each from supply, expediting, quality control, and scheduling was assigned to a task force headed by a project engineer. It was the... One member each from supply, expediting, quality control, and scheduling was assigned to a task force headed by a project engineer. It was the responsibility of this task force to follow the entire project through the shop and keep the project engineer informed on a day-to-day basis cost-plus-a-fixed-fee contract , Total price: Estimated cost $1,120,000,Fixed fee 112,000,Total $1,232,000,Costing rate: Estimated shop rate $24/hour,Shop overhead 180%,Material Cost + 10% handling charge Welding, machining, or testing for this work. However, forgings will be purchased from a competent supplier after he has satisfied the company's metallurgist that his forgings will meet , the specifications. Supply, Expediting, Quality Control, Production and other departments will each have one man assigned to follow this project from start to finish. Forms and records are available for your review. Our organization is familiar with Oceanics' requirements from knowledge gained as a result of previous work accomplished for your division. Atomic Products Company submitted a lower estimated price, guaranteed the equipment, was more suitably located, and would meet the required delivery date.

Two representations of women Essay Example for Free

Two representations of women Essay When writing literary works most, authors will agree that it is difficult to write a story without any inspiration. The writers will often have some motive, either from past experiences or something that can inspire an idea for a particular story or essay. Although the story or essay can be fictitious it can still change how society feels about a certain issue. The two works The Female Body by Margaret Atwood and The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin romanticizes the view of women in their own opinion, emphasizing ideas such as women being portrayed as common housewives, objects, emotional delinquents, and submissive individuals. The similarities include both authors has their own distinct impression of how women are being depicted in society and the conflicted roles of husbands versus wives or man versus women. The obvious comparison when comparing these two works is the aspect that they are both written by feminist. In The Female Body, Atwood is trying to express her point of view, or sway the readers to understand the properties of the female body. Atwood uses words that she believes society would view the female body. In the first section she refers to the female body as being a topic because it is constantly being talked about. My topic feels like hell. (Atwood 73) Atwood uses her body assuming that all other females feel the same way. Atwood goes and develops the female body as a renewable one luckily (Atwood 75) and that the female body will not always be accepted in society. When the body is young it has uses; It sells cars, beer shaving lotion, cigarettes(Atwood 75). However she mentions that those things wear out so quickly (Atwood 75) She explains that society holds a supernatural image of what the perfect female looks like in their minds. When most women do not satisfy that image they go in search of a renewable look, they can go out and be made of transparent plastic or acquire cosmetics to enhance their beauty, and lose weight to appeal their significant other. (Atwood) When Atwood suggests that the female body is renewable she blames society for making it that way because most females go under the impression that they are designed to look a certain way or please a certain audience. Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour present its readers with Mrs. Mallard, an old lady whose husband supposedly died. In this story the author depicts the common stereotypes that separate men from women, and as the reader progresses they find out that Mrs. Mallard shows an emotional weakness, vulnerability and most importantly dependence. Kate Chopins goal of this story is to suggest to the audience that women are expected to preserve the role that society implies on them. In the early 19th century females were dependant on males to go out and work in order to bring back the necessary money for survival. The female would be a housekeeper nurturing the children and cooking meals- typical qualities for women during those times. However as the story progresses the stereotypes start to diminish. Go away Im not making myself ill (Chopin 92) During the span of the hour Mrs. Mallard went from dependent and fragile to strong and independent when she told Josephine to go away. Additionally to the similarities of the two works exposing the generalization of how women are being expected in society, there is an idea that the authors highlight the importance of the conflicted roles between male and female. Atwoods The Female Body implies that the male brain has a thin connection and all their thoughts are sealed off in each compartment and thats what separates males from females. Good for aiming though, for hitting the target when you pull the trigger. Whats the target? Whos the target? Who cares? What matters is hitting it (Atwood 76) Atwood states that the male shows no emotional comfort in anything he does. Atwood also connects the simplification of the powerful and the powerless. The females body intention is to please the males by being used as a door knocker and a bottle opener. (Atwood 75) Women always try to please the men by using their body and sex appeal. Some advertisements for example show a vivid image of a female in nothing more then a skimpy bikini selling products like beer or cigarettes. In the contemporary world individuals never see the male body used to sell beer. The Story of an Hour also reveals an excellent example of the different roles between males and females, in this case husbands and wives. In this story Mrs. Mallard is tired of being caught doing the chores that her husband  expects her to do; she seeks freedom and liberation. Although death is ought to be a sad time, not all conditions would maintain that statement. For example if someone were suffering horrendously, it would actually be a good thing if he or she died. In the story it shows that Mrs. Mallard died at the end of the story but prior to that event it stated that Mrs. Mallard did actually love her husband, but often she did not. (Chopin 92) The story also suggests that she believed that her husband was frustrated with the marriage and assumed that she was too. This conflict revealed the sign that Mrs. Mallard was struggling for freedom, and when she sees that her husband is alive, she must die. This is the only way to be literally free from his gasp. When she had died of the joy that kills it leaves the reader to wonder about how she had died. Whether from the heart attack or she thought she had finally escaped her husband and is free at last. In conclusion, the similarities of Atwoods The Female Body and Chopins The Story of an Hour both imply the how women are being seen by the eyes of society and the important clashes between how the role of women and men reflect the common stereotypes. Works Cited Atwood, Margaret. The Female Body The Mercury Reader. A Custom publication compiled by Angus Cleghorn. Boston: Pearson 2002. Chopin, Kate The Story of an Hour The Mercury ReaderA Custom publication compiled by Angus Cleghorn. Boston: Pearson 2002.

Sports Essays Handball Teams Championships

Sports Essays Handball Teams Championships Handball The team sport handball is in Europe one of the most popular sports. It is played by men and women, kids and elder people. This game has plenty of rules, but who understands them will have lots of fun. Actually everyone can play, but who wants to be professional needs to be in a good shape. Handball is a fast game, you have to know how your teammates acting, and how to overrun the opponent. Normally each team scores between twenty-five and thirty-five goals a game. The history of the world cups, which are hold by the International Handball Federation (IHF) every odd year, that everyone can win. It is very unmoral, that a team defeats the title. The leading teams are good because of their historical background to handball. Germany, where handball is mainly invented between the World Wars, brought this game to Poland, Hungary and France. The countries of Scandinavia (mainly Sweden, Denmark and Iceland) always loved handball more than soccer. During the Cold War handball was the sport for the communists, which showed team hood, ability to fight and that the best team wins. So this game was more established in Germany (East), Poland, Hungary, Croatia and Soviet Union/Russia. The Romania as well as Sweden won the most world cups, all in all four. Approximately twenty international competitions of this kind were hold after the Second World War. This shows that already many different countries won the most important cup. Spain/France brought handball to their colonies all over the world. Regularly participants of the world cup are Brazil, Argentina, Angola, Tunisia and Egypt. In Asia handball was many played in Korea and Japan. At the moment this sport is becoming a more important competition than soccer for the countries/kingdoms in middle-east. All underdogs can bring the big handball nations to struggle, which happens every time. This January/February the European and the Asian Championships were hold. The actual world champion Germany came only to a fourth place. Denmark, which team could not win anything in the past years, but they came back and won sovereign the title. In the Asian Conference Korea could win the cup against Kuwait in the final. Saudi-Arabia got third and Iran fourth. In the competition for the women, there is not as many different nations who champion the world cup. Russia is definitely number one with five titles. Germany won four times the cup, three times by the team of the German Democrat Republic. At the end of this year (2008), the next world cup for the ladies will be hold in France. The Olympic Games in Beijing this year will show made the best homework after the Continental Tournaments in both sexes. For the men Denmark is the top favorite for the gold medal and for the women it will be Russia. Handball History Similar games to handball were already played in the Antique. The Greece played the â€Å"Urania Game† and the in the Roman Empire the Harpastron was a popular game. But these sports can not defined as the game from today. Neither the frescos in the castle Runkelstein in Alto Adige (South Tyrol, Italy) nor the playbook â€Å"Handballspiel† (handball game) published by Guts Muth 1797 as well as the mini field game â€Å"Handbold† by the Danish sport teacher Holger Nielsen are the ancestors of handball. The 1891 founded Zenrtalausschuss fà ¼r Volks- und Jugendspiele (central committee for folk and youth games) in Germany didnt have any handball in it pages. Soccer took at the end of the 19th century leadership in Europe, so handball is a reaction on it. The sport teacher Hagelauer invented the Torballspiel (goal ball game) in 1891. This game was put into the category of gymnastic games. The beginning of the sport handball is to find in Sweden in 1906. This game was very similar to soccer. In 1911 another sport teacher invented handball, which was almost the same as the Swedish one. Out of these different forms of the new sport, Mr. Heiser published the main base of the modern handball. This game was at the beginning only for girls and women. October 29, 1917 is the date when the modern handball become reality. The basic rules were adopted from the game â€Å"Hazena†, which was played in Czechoslovakia. Karl Schelenz overwrote the some of the rules to make this new game also available for men. These newer version made handball to one of the most popular sports in Europe. After the First World War handball become a sport in schools. In the rivaled sport organizations in Germany were the first games hold. Each organization had his own rules. The end of the confusing ruling made the Nazi-Party in 1934 with the consolidation of the institutional powers of the different sport organizations. Earlier, in 1928, the International Amateur Handball Federation was founded in Amsterdam. This Federation adopted official rules which were made during a meeting of the International Amateur Athletic Federation in Den Haag in 1926. They have set the international rules. In 1934 handball became an Olympic sport. The first tournament was then during the Olympic Games 1936 in Berlin. Only six nations attempted the new sport. Surprising was, that the United States of America were one of these, even when they got the last place. The undefeated winner was Germany. Second place took Austria and third Switzerland. The other participants were Hungary and Romania. Whereas handball became a popular sport for males, the females decided instead to play netball. The field handball was only in 1936 an Olympic sport. In 1972 the indoor handball was first played during the Olympic Games in Munich. In 1938 the first IAHF World Cup was hold in Berlin. Only four teams played this tournament, Germany, Austria, Sweden and Denmark. But this was not the first international meeting of handball teams. Already in 1910 teams of ship companies from Sweden and Denmark fought against each other. These tournaments were hold in gyms. From middle of the 1930s till 1941 Germany dominated handball against the teams from Scandinavia. During the Second World War the new popular sport almost died. In August 1946 the International Handball Federation was founded in Copenhagen. After that first tournaments as field handball were hold in the English and American Zones in Germany. Together with the founding of the Deutscher Handball Bund (DHB German Handball Association) in 1949 in the Feral Republic of Germany, teams fought for the first German Championship in field and indoor handball. The Handball Association for the German Democratic Republic was found in 1958. The national team from western Germany won all four world titles till 1966, but one as all together (1959) with the players from the Russian Zone. Now worldwide handball became a popular sport. For instance there wOnly in northern Europe it took longer, even they were the ones who played handball before the World War. The reason was simple. The weather was to cold to play a season from Spring to Fall. They came to the idea to play handball in gymnasiums again. Unlucky there came another problem. The gyms were to small to play along the field handball rules. One of the main things were that they changed the numbers of players from eleven to seven. All in all the new indoor handball made the sport independent from the weather and increased the safety for the players. This had an effect on the scenes of the games. The teams played in new different formations, used different plays and tricks to overrun their opponent. More and more handball became a faster sport and today indoor handball is one of the fastest team sports in the world. Sweden and Denmark showed, that in handball was and is everything possible. At the beginning indoor and outdoor handball were treated equal. During the 1960s the cities and towns in Germany built gyms, which were sponsored by the federal government. More and more teams began to play the indoor version, which was way more spectacular and in1972 the Field Handball League was stopped. The final death hit for the field handball came, as indoor handball was recognized as an Olympic sport in 1972 and for women in 1976. In 1975 the last German field handball championship were hold. This was the end of the milestone for modern handball. Handball Rules An indoor handball field has to be forty meters long and twenty meters wide. For the safety of the players and public viewers, there should be a safety area around court, which is between one and two meters wide. The mid-field line divides the court into two halfs, which are exactly similar. The goals are the end of the court and in the middle. This is similar to soccer, but the goals are smaller. The International Handball Federation says, that the goals has to be two meters high and three meters wide. From each post is a six meter quarter circle. These are from the ground line (the line on which the goal stands) towards the middle of the field. Between these to quarter of a circle is a three meter line. All in all its is almost a half circle. In this area is only the goalkeeper of the defending team allowed. The Free-throw line has the same form as the six-meter line, but it is nine meters from the posts. All fouls, which the defending team commits on the striking team commits, have to be continued from the free-throw line. Seven meters away from the goal is the penalty line. The substitution area is for each team three meters from the middle towards its defending site. A handball game has two half times of each thirty minutes. The half time break has to be ten minutes long. If there is a draw after regular time and they need a winner (in tournaments) there is a overtime rule. The overtime is two times five minutes. If there is still a draw, there is the next overtime and after that it comes to a penalty shootout. During the game the clock will be stopped for harder fouls, penalties and time-outs as well as for injured players. The referees categories if there is a need to pause the game for a certain foul. Each team gets one time-out per half. These time-outs are sixty seconds long. The ball has to be round. The size for men handball has to be between fifty-eight and sixty centimeter and it should weight between 425 and 475 grams. The balls for women is smaller. It should be between fifty-four and fifty-six centimeter and 325 and 375 grams. In each game has to be at least two balls. One is in use, the other in reserve. Each teams is allowed to have fourteen players. At the same time can play only seven players, one of them should be the goalkeeper. In tactic situations they can use the goalie as a field player. The other player are substitutes. To begin of the game there has to be at least five players of the team to start the competition. Delayed players has to be always accepted. The team can lose players because of penalties or injuries, but there is no limit to stop the game, the referee can decide if there is need to do it. Each team gets only four officials. One of them has to be the head one. He is the only person who is allowed to talk to the referees and he has to make sure, that there are only the four same officials and team players during the game. Every player can be substituted as often as the team wants. Every substitution has to be in the substitution zone. If the team makes a mistake, a penalty will follow. If one player got an injury or is bleeding, he has to leave the court immed iately. The player of the team have to wear the same shirts, which has a different color from the opponent. The goalkeeper needs to wear a different color than his teammates and the opponent. The number on the back of the shirt has to be at least twenty centimeter and on the chest at least ten centimeter big. The wearing of the earrings, necklaces etc. is forbidden. The goalkeeper is allowed to block the shot with all parts of his body. He is the only one who is allowed in the goal area (six meter half circle). He can is also allowed to leave this area, but then he has to follow the rules, which are for every field player. All his actions have to be safe, he can not make any movements to mislead his opponent in a way could get injuries. For instance running out to stop the opponent player. He is not allowed to touch the ball outside of the goalie area, if he is still in it. He also can not bring the ball make from outside into the goalie area. The player can play, hit, catch, or stop the ball with your hands, arms, head, back, thigh, or knees, but not with his foot or lower leg. He only can keep the ball for three seconds without doing anything, also can he move only three steps with the ball in your hands. To move over the court the player can dribble the ball. When he catches the ball after the dribbling he can not start dribble again. The player has to pass or shoot the ball. To pass the ball the person can also sit, knee down, or lie down. If the ball touches the referee, the game will be continued like normal. If the player runs out of bound with the ball, there has to be throw-in for the other team, the same is, when the ball rolls or flies out of bounds. The team gets the ball, which did not touch the ball as last. In handball is no passive play allowed. If the referee recognize a passive playing, then he has to tell it. If the striking team is still playing passive, there will be a free-throw for the other team. The striking team gets a goal, if the ball has moved completely of the goal line and if there were no fouls. The referee has to signal the goal with to short whistles. If the referee stopped the game before the ball moved over the goal line, than it does not count. In the handball game is it possible to make own goals. These goals are counted normal for the other team. If the ball was stopped by something else then the players or the goalie, for instance the audience, the referee has to decide if the there could have been a goal or not. After a goal the other team has to bring the ball back into the game with throw from the middle line. The team with the most goals is the winning team. Each goal is like one point. The teams can only earn these with shooting goals. Every game has to be lead by two referees. They can start punish the player when they move onto the field (only if there is a discrimination or violent action against opponent players). The same rules after the game. The referees also have to check the court and the goals as well as they decide which ball is going to be used. They have to check the teams too, like the jerseys, participating players and officials. One of the referees leads the coin flip. The other one has to be present. The whole game has to be lead by the same referees. The have to guide the game after rules, which are made by the International Handball Federation and the local association for the sport of handball. If the referees punish a person different for the same foul, than they have to take always the heavier punishment. If both referees decide for the opposite team, than both have to come together and decide, how they are going to rule. The referees have also to write down the goals, warnings, and disqualifications. They referees can decide when to interrupt, stop or end earlier the game. The wearing of black clothes is mainly for referees. If they are going to wear another color, it has to be a bright one, which is totally different from any player of both teams. Works Cited Prof. Dr. Braun, Harald. Zur Geschichte des Handballspiels. Handball History. 1997/1998. University Bremen. 18 Feb 2008 http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~hospo/Geschichte-Sportarten.html. Herden, Jan-Frederick. DHB Handball Regeln. handball rules. 01/08/2005. Deutscher Handball Bund. 18 Feb 2008 http://www.handballregeln.de/. Fleischer, Nicole. Geschichte des Handballs. Die Anfaenge. 2006. HaSpo Bayreuth. 18 Feb 2008 http://hi.haspo-bayreuth.de/beginn.htm. IHF International Handball Federation http://www.ihf.com Summers, David. The Sports Book. 1. New York, NY: DK Publishing, 2007.