Essay about Ford Motor Company - 1831 Words

1. Define and discuss Ford’s business- level strategy. Henry Ford began a family automobile business in 1903; this was during the industrial revolution. This business has become the most famous automobile brand in the world. Over the years the business structure had adapted to changes in leadership, markets trends and the economic conditions. The Ford family still controls the company through multiple voting shares, even though it owns a much lower proportion of the equity Ford’s business level is the integrated cost leadership/ differentiation strategy; this involves engaging in primary and support activities that allow the company to simultaneously pursue low cost and differentiation. This strategy is flexible and enables Ford to use†¦show more content†¦Research and development; Ford can use innovation and technology to advance and design smart automobiles in this competitive market. Supplies play very important role in the auto industry, maintaining a key supplier and at reasonable prices of parts could affect the fin ished product. Computer technology could be used to cut down cost and produce quality goods. Fords’ strength is its customers, Ford should be able to supply products that consumers wants to buy whiles not loosing site of the quality, design performance and the cost consumers are willing to pay. It is very important to focus on the chain value to cheek and make the necessary changes if any in order to stay on track on the company’s business level strategy. The chain value is also used to structure and restructure the company’s operations. From leadership (CEO) level through to lower management level, here the firm has control of all its factors of production and distribution. The chain helps Ford to re-evaluate performance and concentrate on production that they do better and to eliminate waste and time. The change is as strong as its weakest end, flexibility, coordination and flow of information across the management team is a must. 3. Explain how Ford can successfully position itself in term of the five forces of competition. Fords five forces of competition are; competitive rivalry, New Entrants, Substitutes, bargaining power of customers and bargaining power of suppliers.Show MoreRelatedFord Motor Company2304 Words   |  10 PagesFord Motor Company GROUP PROJECT ACC 505 - FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING 12/01/96 TABLE OF CONTENTS DESCRIPTION PAGE INTRODUCTION........................................................1 LIQUIDITY...........................................................1-3 Working Capital...................................................1 Current Ratio Quick Ratio.......................................2 Receivable Turnover Average Days Sales UncollectedRead MoreFord Motor Company1426 Words   |  6 PagesFord Motor Company Supply Chain Strategy Background In 1913, Henry Ford revolutionized product manufacturing by introducing the first assembly line to the automotive industry. Ford s hallmark of achievement proved to be a key competence for the motor company as the low cost of the Model T attracted a broader, new range of prospective car-owners. However, after many decades of success, customers have become harder to find. Due to relatively new threats to the industry, increasing numbersRead MoreFord Motor Company1853 Words   |  8 PagesFord Motor Company Corrie Madison-White MGT/521 August 13, 2011 Andrew Rosenberg Abstract A mutual funds manager is trying to decide whether or not they would be willing to invest in the Ford Motor Company. In order to make an informed decision the potential mutual funds manager will look at how recent economic trends are influencing the business, strategies the company has used or could use for adapting to changing markets, tactics the company has implemented to achieve theirRead MoreFord Motor Company1971 Words   |  8 PagesFord Motor Company Ford Motor Co. Benefits from Service Parts Software from SAP Mary Ann Tindall Steve Balaj Manager, Business Technology Renewal IT Manager, Business Technology Slide 2 Confidential SAPPHIRE 08 OR3349 Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Co. Benefits from Service Parts Software from SAP Mary Ann Tindall Steve Balaj Manager, Business Technology Renewal IT Manager, Business Technology Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company, a global automotive industry leader basedRead MoreFord Motor Company5077 Words   |  21 PagesCASE ASSIGNMENT Faced with an overwhelmingly complex situation, Alan Mulally has been brought in as Ford Motor Companys new president and CEO. As diverse global dynamics confront the company and competitive pressures continue to build, he has the challenging task of improving Fords brand image and returning the company to profitability. Mulally has invited your consulting firm to advise his management team on restoring the companys reputation and viability. Assigned to the project, you haveRead MoreFord Motor Company1787 Words   |  8 PagesFord Motor Company’s Value Enhancement 1. Does Ford have too much cash? The amount of cash that Ford is carrying on its balance sheet is too much considering that additional money not used for the advancement of the company belongs to the owners of the firm, the shareholders. Having too much cash on its balance sheet will be a disincentive to Ford’s employees who consequently will feel not feel an urgency to perform and add value to the company. Notwithstanding the fact that the companyRead MoreThe Ford Motor Company And General Motors1851 Words   |  8 Pagesdestructions riddled throughout Canada’s history? This is the Canadian automotive industry and it is enormous and powerful yet so threatened by politics. Two of the largest players in the automotive industry are the Ford Motor Company and General Motors. By comparing the two paths both parallel companies have taken throughout over one hundred years of operations (Dykes, 2015), we can expose proper and improper business strategies within Canada. We can adventure through the strengt hs built up by management,Read MoreThe Legacy Of The Ford Motor Company1023 Words   |  5 PagesOn June 17, 1903 the Ford Motor Company was organized. The date is the day the deal started for Henry Ford not because the company had his name, the day all his hard work would start to payoff. To look at the deal from just one day would not do justice to the brilliant way and intertwined ways Henry Ford took the world by storm. From the start in Ford’s garage to the offices of lawyers, and then on to control of the largest automotive companies in the world one can see the deal was just a key toRead MoreThe Invention Of The Ford Motor Company1279 Words   |  6 Pagesincome for Americans meant that they were able to afford more appliances like a toaster or a car. Prices dropped with industrial innovations like the moving assembly line. With these new prices, people could buy more per dollar. Henry Ford’s, The Ford Motor Company is an example of a business that prospered i n the 1920s. The innovation of Ford’s Model T allowed many Americans to explore the country and experience being on the road. Along with these new products and appliances, businesses made a new formRead MoreFord Motor Company Essay760 Words   |  4 PagesFord motor company: The Ford Empire was almost a century old. After a series of great growth periods and high revenues, the company from early 2004 to 2008 has been hit by the recession and very challenging times. The decision to invite an outsider as the CEO of Ford motors was to take a fresh and rather novel view of Ford operations and to look at it unbiased. Ford appears on the list of the world’s most ethical companies its commitment to stakeholder engagement, corporate governance, sustainability

The Censorship Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 - 1481 Words

Censorship often plays a significant role in literature. Suppressing or prohibiting ideas from books, movies, or the news from the public is a form of censoring knowledge to the public. Many topics such as censoring can be found in many books, movies, or the news. In Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, the society shown is being heavily monitored by people of higher power, which include firemen, policemen, government, etc. Censoring things away from their people such as books can also revoke individuality, and limit their creativity. In Athol Fugard’s â€Å"Master Harold ...and the Boys,† civilians are also yanked away from their ability to gain knowledge for no correct reason. Not allowing people to expand their knowledge can generally keep them†¦show more content†¦Censoring books, like in Fahrenheit 451 in literature can cause characters to revoke their own individuality. Having no individuality causes a person not to make their own decision they want in l ife. For example, Montag keeps pushing down the ideas that Clarisse, a young neighbor friend of Guy Montag, presents to him of being his own person and follow his own dreams towards what he wants to do in his life (Bradbury 5-6). Another example of not having any individuality causes characters in the book to not stand up for themselves or for anybody. In the book, Mildred Montag, Guy Montag’s wife, invites her friends over to watch television, Montag makes a comment on one of Mildred Montag’s friends, who indeed keeps to herself and leaves the house instead (Bradbury 97). Having no individuality, because of books being censored in this society, also causes characters to have no identity with themselves. In the book, Mildred Montag stays home and does not bother to move out her house, except watch television all day long, she even receives a script of what is supposed to be said in the television show (Bradbury 17-18). She prefers her virtual reality rather than the re alism that revolves around her. Vasquez 2 Daphne Patai reflects on the quest for freedom of speech as reflected in the life and literary works of American novelist Ray Bradbury. Some of the critic’s main point speaks upon on how television may have an important impact onShow MoreRelatedRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511360 Words   |  6 Pages Ray Bradbury and his Fahrenheit 451 Future Technology has had many great contributions, but is it destroying America as author Ray Bradbury foreseen back in the 1950’s. The intent of this paper is to explain how Fahrenheit 451, which was written over 65 years ago, has begun to come true in some aspects of American society today. The intended audience for this paper is fellow students who have not read this novel, and the professor. Ray Bradbury’s role in Fahrenheit 451 is to help readers understandRead MoreRay BradburyS Fahrenheit 451 Shows A Society Where, Similar1070 Words   |  5 PagesRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 shows a society where, similar to modern day America, technology and conformity are praised, but unique ideas are seen as taboo. Many have heard phrases to the effect of â€Å"Don’t watch so much TV, it’ll rot your brain!† But is there any validity to these claims? Ray Bradbury thought so when he wrote the novel, and he is not alone in these beliefs. Many believe that tele vision can have detrimental effects on one s intellect, as well as their individuality. Similarly,Read MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1200 Words   |  5 Pagesto their observations and views on society and its functions. In the book Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury incorporated the corruption of the society in which he lived in into the dystopian society created in his book. Fahrenheit 451, a fictional book about a protagonist’s attempt to overcome a dystopian society’s corruption, was written by Ray Bradbury while living in 1950’s America. The book focuses on themes of censorship, and illustrates the effects of when a society is controlled and limited. TheRead MoreEssay about Fahrenheit 451 as a Criticism of Censorship943 Words   |  4 PagesFahrenheit 451 as a Criticism of Censorship      Ã‚  Ã‚   Ray Bradbury criticizes the censorship of the early 1950s by displaying these same themes in a futuristic dystopia novel called Fahrenheit 451. In the early 1950s Ray Bradbury writes this novel as an extended version of The Fireman, a short story which first appears in Galaxy magazine. He tries to show the readers how terrible censorship and mindless conformity is by writing about this in his novel.    In Fahrenheit 451, BradburyRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Critical Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Lintang Syuhada 13150024 Book Report 1 Fahrenheit 451 Critical Essay Human beings are naturally curious. We are always in search of better ideas, and new solutions to problems. One of a basic idea of Indonesia has been freedom of thinking and a free flow of ideas. But in some societies, governments try to keep their people ignorant. Usually, this is so governments can keep people under control and hold on to their power. In trying to keep people from the realities of the world, these oppressiveRead MoreCensorship And Its Effect On Society1581 Words   |  7 Pagesare considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security.† Simply, censorship is restricting or hiding information so it cannot be accessed by others. Ray Bradbury uses the novel to show concern with the idea of censorship and how it might affect the society. The theme of censorship is obvious through the banning and burning of books. In the first part of the novel, it becomes obvious that censorship began among the citizens of their society. At first they only cens ored the books thatRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Is A Timeless Novel That Shows The Overtaking1386 Words   |  6 PagesFahrenheit 451 is a timeless novel that shows the overtaking of technology and manipulation of censorship. In America, technology has severely affected the way free speech is used and/or viewed. We are given the right to free speech to an extent. We are given free speech while the government has the power of censorship making our words selective and politically correct. This causes outbursts of anger by the public. My purpose is to explain that this novel is important because, the oppression of freedomRead MoreFahrenheit 4511345 Words   |  6 PagesBethany Edwards Censorship or Knowledge Ray Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451 is a good example of censorship and restriction and the results of what can happen because of this. Ray Bradbury predicts in his novel that the future is without literature -- everything from newspapers to novels to the Bible. This novel is about a world that is so structured and censored that even a common fireman exist not to fight fires, for all buildings are fireproof, but instead to burn books. Books are made toRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511410 Words   |  6 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, published in 1953 by Ballantine Books, rose to fame quickly and surely as a grandfather of the dystopian genre. A year after its release, Greg Conklin of Galaxy Science Fiction named the novel, â€Å"among the great works of the imagination written in English in the last decade or more† (Conklin). The Chicago Sunday Tribune s August Derleth called it a shockingly savage prophetic view of one possible future way of life , while honoring Bradbury in sight of his brilliantRead MoreCensorship Is Only A Temporary Setback1598 Words   |  7 PagesCensorship is Only a Temporary Setback Censorship will always interfere with freedom of speech. In Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, censorship is one of the main topics depicted. Censorship including the banning of books has been an issue thoughout history. There has been violence similar to the book burnings by the firemen in the novel. In 2009, Harry Potter books as well as other novels and music records were burned by Paster Jack Brock in front of his congregation. He felt that these books were

A critical analysis of “Charles V Philip his Son” by Marino Cavalli, 1554 Free Essays

This is a critical analysis of a written piece by Marino Cavalli as he writes his thoughts about the comparisons between the current King; Charles V, and his son and heir Philip. Cavalli has documented the concerns he has about Philip’s inability to adequately rule over ‘various peoples’ when he comes to power. Cavalli was the Venetian Ambassador in France at the time, and had a vested interest in who succeeded Charles V to the throne. We will write a custom essay sample on A critical analysis of â€Å"Charles V Philip his Son† by Marino Cavalli, 1554 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cavalli begins by making basic observations about the physical similarities between father and son; their appearance, their habits and their demeanour. â€Å"His Highness is now in his twenty-fourth year, of very delicate complexion and medium stature. In both face and mind he resembles his father..† This is the first, and last positive evaluation he makes about Philip. It becomes clear very quickly that he harbours numerous doubts about Philip’s ability to come to power and manage different countries, when he favours being advised by a solely Spanish council, who would clearly have preference for their own agenda. â€Å"He takes excessive pleasure in being revered, and he maintains with everyone, no matter who he may be, a greater haughtiness than his father,†. Cavalli obviously worries that Philip does not attempt to earn the respect of his subjects or nobility. He manages to infer a negative edge to the term ‘revere’ cleverly using insinuation to make the reader consider this to be an unattractive quality, and demonstrates a preference for Charles V over Philip as he goes on to say; â€Å"They have good reason, being used to his father, who knows extremely well how to adjust himself by various ways to all kinds of people.† If Cavalli’s dilemma was merely a loyalty preference for Charles V it could be argued that he was politicking. Especially considering his Venetian roots and French ties, and the fact that the European countries were constantly warring for power, land and control. But when taking into account his other reservations about Philip’s eventual rise to power, (which were similar to a great many other opinions of the time), the historian; with the grace of hindsight, can see that his concerns were well founded. It was well known that Charles V (despite the many wars he fought) was hungrier for peace than to acquire land, and he made the best efforts to maintain civility with the neighbouring states, whether or not they had previously fought each other for the rite to rule. Charles V was also recognised as having a very tolerant nature regarding the religious preferences of the people he governed. He was aware of the protestant uprising, and did not make it a priority to come down on his subjects with the severity he could have. As his son Philip would do in later years. It would seem Philip was destined to live in his fathers shadow; â€Å"But owing to the greatness of his father, and the fact that he was born great and has not yet proved himself in any work, he will never appear in the last analysis as the equal of the emperor.† Cavalli felt that Philip had cut himself off from all but the Spanish. â€Å"One may judge that when this prince succeeds to the government of his states he will be served wholly by Spanish ministers, for he is inclined towards that people more than is fitting in a prince who wishes to rule over various peoples†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And he was quite right, Philip did move to Spain never returning to live in Holland, he refused to speak the language and did keep virtually a wholly Spanish council. His preference for Spain was widely known at the time, and widely documented in the historical years to follow. This piece of text is written in a personal, almost diary or journal entry style which allows Cavalli to articulate freely his concerns. It would seem that Cavalli’s fears were realised once Philip came to power, although there would have been nothing Cavalli could have done to bring about change, as Philip was born into the time when Royalty were believed to be born with a divine rite to rule, and due to the sheer population numbers of the countries that he resided over, he was always able to gain favour somewhere, especially when his main goal was to crush the protestant reformation and gain land and title, no matter what the cost. How to cite A critical analysis of â€Å"Charles V Philip his Son† by Marino Cavalli, 1554, Papers

Information Security Hackers Compromised the MICROS System

Question: Discuss about theInformation Securityfor Hackers Compromised the MICROS System. Answer: Part A Breach of Oracle Data: Hackers Compromised the MICROS System Introduction The Oracle Corp. has been a very large software company owning the payment system of point of sale credit card called MICROS. The MICROS have been the victim of cybercrime group organized in Russia that have been responsible for stealing over $1 billion from various businesses in the past few years (Hustad, 2013). The reports on this have been unclear regarding the number of affected individuals. However, there are over 330,000 cash registers across the world using MICROS systems. The Problem On August 8, 2016, Brian Krebs, the security expert, first announced the problem at Oracle. One customer of MICROS contacted Krebs in July about a possible major breach at the retail division of Oracle. Thus, investigation was started by Krebs with regards to the claims on 25 July, 2016. Krebs was confirmed by Oracle that there was detection and addressing of a malicious code in certain MICROS systems legacy. However, Oracle declined in its elaboration or provision for more information. Further, the Oracle asked all customers of MICROS in resetting their passwords for the online support portal of MICROS. It must be recognized that amongst the top point of sale global vendors, MICROS is one of the foremost. There are over 330,000 cash registers globally with respect to the selling of point of sale systems of Oracles MICROS division. When MICROS was bought by Oracle in 2014, the company announced the deployment of it at over 30,000 hotels plus more than 100,000 retail sites, and over 2 00,000 outlets of beverage and food (Krebs, 2016). How the Incident Happened The hundreds of computers belonging to the company have been affected by the breach. Moreover, online portal for support that has been in use for remotely addressing any issue of the customer. According to Krebs, the usernames and the passwords of MICROS could be stolen by the hackers with the plantation of malicious code in the support portal. This meant that with the logging in of the customers, the information was passed onto the attackers (Fox-Brewster, 2016). The unconfirmed report suggests that the Oracle seemingly has concerns about the cyber criminals in terms of chances that upload of malware can be by them into the systems of point of sale. Those systems have connection with the stores cash registers which could have the potential of stealing debit and credit card numbers (Fox-Brewster, 2016). The investigation is going on regarding the scope and the size of the break-in. It is also unclear regarding when the Oracle systems access was gained first by the attackers. It is believed that breach was considered by Oracle initially as having limitation to a few computers at the retail division of the company. However, after pushing new tools of security to the affected networks systems, the investigators of Oracle realized the impact of the intrusion to over 700 systems that were infected (Fox-Brewster, 2016). The malware that are based on point of sale has been responsible for driving most of the breaches regarding credit card over the past couple of years that includes Home Depot and at Target along with the breaches at the point of sale vendors (Yadron, 2016). The installation of the malware has been via tools of remote administration that has been hacked. Once in the point of sale devices, the malware is loaded by the attackers, they can be capturing the data remotely at that cash register with each card swipes. The data can be sold by the thieves to crooks specializing in the stolen data encoding onto any magnetic stripe card and the card can be used in buying high priced commodities and buying gift cards from stores such as, Best Buy and Target (Kirk, 2010). Solution The Oracle has been in the process to send to the customers of the MICROS that it said has been forcing the reset of a password supporting accounts on the portal of the MICROS. Oracle recommended their customers in changing the password for any account that the MICROS representative has used in accessing the customers on premise systems. Conclusion The coming of the breach for Oracle has been at a pivotal time. This is because, Oracle was struggling in competing with the software bigwigs such as, Google and Amazon in the services that are cloud based. The breach was more than the outbreak of malware at Oracle. However, it is unlikely that the attacking gang had the failure of grasping the power and access enormity that has been controlling the support portal of the MICROS. The concern of the company was apparent in the statements released by Oracle regarding the compromise of the customer accounts credentials at the support portal of MICROS. This support portal is usable and administered remotely and in uploading malware that can steal the card at some systems related to the point of sale of the customer. Part B 2015 Anthem Medical Data Breach Case Introduction In the healthcare industry, there was a wave of panic because of the breach in Anthem. The most valuable and sensitive information of the clients was exposed revealing the extent of the unpreparedness that the health industry was subject to the threats emanating from the sophisticated cyber criminals. The 100 million health records have been accessed by the hackers, which has been greater by 100 times than before over the FY 2015 (Zetter, 2015). The Problem The health insurer Anthems administrator noticed in January 2015 that a query that has been unusually complex is on the run on the computer network. The initial analysis was that it was the responsibility of a colleague, but it was revealed after a quick check it came from somewhere else (Terhune, 2015). After few minutes, the crisis mode showed for the Anthem. The investigators are of the belief that it was the work of Chinese hackers. These hackers operated undetected for months inside the network of the company. The access was gained by them with a trick that led to the employee clicking on a phishing email that was with a disguise and looking like a message internally sent. With the use of the credentials of the administrator, the database of the Anthem has been combed by the hackers that contained social security numbers, names and the birth dates of the people to the tune 78 million that have the enrollment since 2004 on the insurance plans (Abelson Creswellfeb, 2015). Who Were Affected and How Anthem did not have the right protection in place in minimizing the hacking risk or limiting the vulnerable information if there was a infiltration in the network. The hacking already has cost around $230 million to Anthem in consultant and legal fees. The costs were mostly covered by its policy of cyber insurance (McNeal, 2015). The general counsel of Anthem, Thomas Zielinski, however, toldthe regulators of insurance that since the breach, there have been more expenses attached to the cyber insurance. The Anthem has been considering the initial cost ofa breachto the tune of $25 million and the policy offering has been purchased by it to the tune of $100 million as additional coverage (Weise, 2015). Prevention of Attack Anthem plansspending$130 million over the period of two years for protecting its network better from the breaches. The regulators were assured by the company that its system is strengthened with the steps such as, change of password given to the administrator in every 10 hours and recruiting 55 experts related to cyber security (Abelson Goldstein, 2015). The Anthem should also be implementing two factor authentications. Further, they should be made compulsory for the users in requiring changing their passwords. The employees of Anthem should not be allowed in accessing personal information that has been beyond their jobs scope. Some users have alleged Anthem that the alerts were ignored by the company. This includes one alert that had lasting of a month. There was failure on the part of Anthem in implementing systems that would do monitoring of the data extraction and usage. Now, the company is endowed with two factor authentication for its system administrators of high level. During the Anthems audit, which took place in September 2013, the inspector general of the Personnel Management of US Office said that Anthem is possessed of vulnerabilities that have been the catalyst for hacking activity and malicious virus (Reuters, 2015). These corrective is required to taken by Anthem or it can be facing fines. How was the Attack Carried Out? The investigators of the hacks are of the opinion that the hacks emerged from China. However, there has been denial from the Chinese government with regards to their involvement in hacking. The investigators of US believe that their insurers were targeted by the Chinese hackers as it happened with Anthem, so that they can learn the way insurer databases and the medical coverage can be set up. For the sake of intelligence purposes, there is value attached to the records. One of the priorities of the Chinese government has been the healthcare challenges that they tries to address as they faces an affluent and ageing population that demands better care (Pepitone, 2015). When the discovery of hacking was made by the administrator of Anthem on 27 January, it has been the extraction of the patient datas large file. It is believed that the hackers have been for months in the system. They stayed under the radar as they run multiple queries with respect to the database in understanding it before the files have been removed (Terry, 2015). The repeating patterns were used by the hackers to extract data and altered the query slightly in avoiding detection. Then the data was removed by them followed by transferring it to an encrypted share site that has similarity with drop box. The choice of the hackers in sharing a similar site that was already used by Anthem already made it tougher to detect (Bonini, Eichler, Wathion Rasi, 2014). Conclusion The breach at Anthem had affected 80 million customers that set alarm ringing to the regulators in US. Where there is existence of breach, there is requirement for the health insurers in meeting cyber standards and subject to reporting of the federal health as per the rules. However, the Anthems vulnerability as has been exposed prompted the questions with regards to the extent to which present security standards protects data from the present days hackers. References Abelson, R., Creswellfeb, J. (6 February 2015).Data Breach at Anthem May Forecast a Trend - NYTimes.com.The New York Times. Abelson, R., Goldstein, M. (5 February 2015).Anthem Hacking Points to Security Vulnerability of Health Care Industry.The New York Times. Bonini, S., Eichler, H.-G., Wathion, N., Rasi, G. (2014). Transparency and the European Medicines Agency Sharing of Clinical Trial Data. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(26), 2452-2455. Fox-Brewster, T. (2016)Oracle MICROS Hackers Infiltrate Five More Cash Register Companies.Forbes. Hustad, K. (4 October 2013).Hackers access Adobe's source code, plus 2.9 million customer accounts.Christian Science Monitor. Kirk, J.(2010). Security company dives deep into the 'Dark Web' for stolen data.PC World. Krebs, B. (2016).Data Broker Hackers Also Compromised NW3C Krebs on Security.Krebs On Security. McNeal, G. S. (4 February 2015).Health Insurer Anthem Struck By Massive Data Breach.forbes.com. Pepitone, J. (2015). Anthem Hack: Credit Monitoring Won't Catch Medical Identity Theft. NBC News. Perlroth, N., Gelles, D. (5 August 2014).Russian Hackers Amass Over a Billion Internet Passwords.The New York Times. Reuters. (17 March 2015). Premera Blue Cross Says Data Breach Exposed Medical Data. Business Day. Terhune, C. (5 February 2015).Anthem hack raises fears about medical data - LA Times.Los Angeles Times. Terry, N. (7 February 2015).Time for a Healthcare Data Breach Review? | Bill of Health.Harvard Law School. Weise, E. (5 February 2015).Massive breach at health care company Anthem Inc.USA Today. Yadron, D. (4 May 2016).Hacker collects 272m email addresses and passwords, some from Gmail.the Guardian. Zetter, K. (5 February 2015).Health Insurer Anthem Is Hacked, Exposing Millions of Patients' Data. WIRED.

An Exploration in Perspective Drawing

Historical Context of Perspective Drawing Perspective drawings entails portraying three dimensional spaces into two dimensional spaces, and are classified into aerial and linear perspective. Historically, perspective drawing was examined by philosophers including Euclid, Roger Bacon, and Robert Grosseteste according to their professions, and the way they made observations of the visible world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on An Exploration in Perspective Drawing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Duccio and Giotto immensely contributed to the study of perspectives through paintings representing real world observations. The underlying goal was to accurately describe what a viewer was seeing with changing vision changed, leading to the mathematical theories of perspective drawing by Piero della Francesca in 1478. Albrecht Dà ¼rer (1471-1528) discovered drawing machines as illustrated in figure 1 below, where differe nt positions of the same object are attained because of variations in viewing positions. Figure 1. Drawing machine. Other contributions were made by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), where geometry and painting were combined, Albrecht Dà ¼rer (1471-1528) on the ‘practice of geometry’, Girard Desargues (1591-1661) on ‘projective geometry’ for slotting a point, x, for mapping points to points and lines to lines, as shown in figure 2 below, the advent and propagation of the use of mathematics in perspective drawing. Figure 2. points and linesAdvertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Math Used In Perspective Drawing The mathematics used in perspective drawing includes a one point, two point, and three point perspective. One point perspective One point perspective is defined by diminishing points as the distance from the observer increases. Take a specific point of choice as the center point and eye point of an object with the axes of the objects having parallel orientations to the drawing plane as an example. If the center point is cp= [6.0, 5.0, 2.0], and the eye point is ep= [6.0,-15.0, 2.0], and the y=l plane is parallel to the x and y axes, there is no rotation because dp= [0, 20, 0]. In this case, the position of the center point is the vanishing point. Figure 2 illustrates one point perspective with one point projection axes. The projection plane is pierced only by one principal axis (Z1). Figure 3. one point perspective Two point perspective The projection plane is pierced by two principal axises in a two point perspective as shown in figure 4 below. If the eye point is ep= [16.0,-15.0, 2.0], and the center point is cp= [6.0, 5.0, 2.0], such that there is a rotation about the z axis, by taking dp= [-10, 20, 0], then, for y=l and z-axis are parallel. The y2 axis does not pierce the axis. Axes or points can rotate in this system. Figure 4. two poin t perspectiveAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on An Exploration in Perspective Drawing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Three point perspective The three point perspective occurs when the line of projection is pierced by three principal axes. As illustrated in figure 5 below, the projection plane is pierced by the X3, Y3, and Z3 axes.1 Figure 5. three point perspective How perspective drawing involves the mathematical ideas Mathematical ideas are involved in perspective drawing because it lies on the rations of the objects that are drawn as illustrated in figure 6 below. Figure 6. Two and three point perspectives Bibliography Barsky, Brian A. A Note on the Mathematics of Two- and Three- Point Perspective  https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~barsky/perspective.html#one%20point,1998Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Boyer, Carl B., A history of mathematics, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1985. Treibergs, Andrejs, The Geometry of Perspective Drawing on the Computer  http://www.math.utah.edu/~treiberg/Perspect/Perspect.htm#intro,2001 Footnotes 1 Andrejs Treibergs, The Geometry of Perspective Drawing on the Computer. This essay on An Exploration in Perspective Drawing was written and submitted by user Theo Pate to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Methamphetamine essays

Methamphetamine essays In the last decade, methamphetamine use has dramatically increased throughout the United States. This growing epidemic raises concerns for a variety of reasons. First, methamphetamine is extremely addictive and often leads to compulsive use. Secondly, this is particularly problematic because as the abuse problem continues to rise, a growing body of research is demonstrating a wide range of neurotoxic effects that can result from the drug. Methamphetamine administration in laboratory animals has been proven to cause profound and long-lasting toxicity of the brain, most notably to dopamine terminals (Volkow, et al. 2001, p. 377). Recent studies have confirmed that methamphetamine abuse exerts similar effects on dopaminergic systems in humans as well, in addition to other structures of the brain. Dopamine is an essential neurotransmitter that plays a role in memory, mood, and motor coordination (Imaging Studies, 2001, p. 12). Damage to dopamine-related structures is linked to numerous l ong-term consequences, including memory impairment, motor deficits, mood disorders, psychiatric symptoms, anxiety problems, and increased aggressive tendencies. In a recent study conducted by Volkow and her colleagues, certain brain areas of methamphetamine users were compared to a control group using positron emission tomography (PET). All of the users met the DSM-IV criteria for dependence on the substance. Their length of abstinence from the drug ranged from 2 weeks to 35 months, and none had a prior history of drug addiction. The comparison group consisted of healthy volunteers with no past history of drug use. The focus of this study was to assess memory and motor impairments due to dopamine transporter reductions in methamphetamine abusers. Researchers were also interested in determining whether the drug produced any significant effect on portions of the brain not innervated by dopamine. A similar study was conducted by Sekine and his...

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Why is Pakistan counted as underdeveloped?

Why is Pakistan counted as underdeveloped? Right now, Rs. 52,941 is the debt which is on the shoulders of each and every Pakistan, where total external and internal debt Pakistan today accountable is Rupees Nine trillion. Where as in the mid-nineties, the same figure was Rupees 30,000 which was to be borne by each Pakistani citizen. The government of PM Nawaz Shareef came up with an initiative of Qarz Utaro Scheme which somehow gave a relieving cushion to the debt servicing piles. Right now there is a total financial dichotomy in the country. In these worsening situations, it is again said that national treasury is facing an additional burden of Rupees 14 billion due to 12 percent increase in military pensions in 2007-2008  [3]  . On the other side of the coin, futuristic look is giving much cynical and gloomy representation as the total external debt is likely to soar by more than 43 per cent over the next five years, to about $73 billion in 2015-16 from about $50.76 billion early this year  [4]  . Though the incapability and powerlessness of numerous countries to use the provided external supply in terms of aid or debt, it is further attributed to many other characteristic factors, the insufficient and scarce absorptive competence is termed as the rule of thumb applicable in many UDCs as a limitation on the well-organized and proficient utilization of external resources. The normal debt indicators which are commonly practiced in Pakistan are: Debt : GNP ratio Debt : Debt Service Liability Debt : Foreign Exchange Earnings CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW (Ashfaq, 2005) in his research (Aid Effectiveness, Debt Capacity and Debt Management in the Economy of Pakistan) discusses that discrete views are prevailing concerning the usefulness of external assistance to the UDCs. As many of the researchers and economist say that aid and debt is much useful in lessening the monetary tailback and blockage to enlargement of many developing countries like Pakistan, no matter the essence of taking assistance is satisfied or not (for example Cassen 1994, G. Papanek 1972, etc). The challengers declare that foreign assistance either in terms of aid or debt always caused disastrous affects on the maturity of the recipient country. A number of gives a moderate point of views on the same debate. The association linking external debt and economic escalation has been observed broadly in recent years. These studies have mostly focused on the destructive influence of a countrys debt overhang which means the addition of a stockpile of liability so hefty as to terrorize the countrys ability to pay back its precedent loan. The theme of the research is to see how and to what degree the foreign assistance has and debt affected the economy. It is to analyze the external assistance and resources in terms of its dynamic and fruitful role in the economy and as a bridge of expansion and growth or vice versa. The main idea is to check and estimate the effectiveness of foreign air and external debt in the country and the researcher seek to determine whether further resources linked with external assistance have in point of fact brought some kind of revolution in the economy or the situation is completely opposite of what it should be. The research will also investigate the position of debt lumber on Pakistan, giving extreme importance given on Pakistans competence in debt servicing and its retirement; in the light of major problems in debt management practices creating worst economic shape of the country. ( Hayat et al, 2010) discuss in their research (External debt and Economic Growth: Empirical evidence from Pakistan) of the known fact to everyone that Pakistan does not enjoy a good repute for aid and external debt. It has almost unmatchable witnesses of significant economic assistance from about each part of the globe. He further argues that Since Pakistans emergence of world map; it is facing crucial problems in balance of payments deficit. To finance this balance of payments deficit and loses, Pakistan is heavily relying on external debt. World Bank classified Pakistan as severely indebted country of South Asia in 2001.Even though, Pakistan shows a mushroom growth in its economy in the presence of serious economic and highest degree of political in-stability. Although it also showed variability with the passage of time but the situation at this point in time is worse where the growth rate of GDP is just 2% which was 7% in 2007. The outstanding stock of external debt swelled by a huge sum of Rupees 1095.1 billion in FY09, registering a growth of 36.1 percent against 28.9 percent in FY08. As far as debt is related, International Monetary Fund (IMF) debt further damager the condition. The rise in debt stock of IMF by US$ 3.8 billion was the major factor for rise in total debt stock during FY09. As discussed earlier, facing severe balance of payments problems the government had approached the IMF for a US$7.6 billion Stand-By Arrangement (SBA) loan which was approved by the IMF board in November 2008. The IMF has also acceded to government of Pakistans additional request for US$3.2 billion, which has increased the total assistance to $11.3 billion. The bad and declining economic conditions also creates problems in Pakistan foreign exchange re serves. It was $ 14 Billion in June 2007 showing a drastic decline of 75.71% by the mid of 2010 to just $ 3.4 Billion. Prior to the events of September 11, 2001, Pakistans economy was caught in a vicious debt trap. U.S. bilateral aid to Pakistan started in 1951. Pakistan, in total, received a massive amount of $2 billion dollars between 1953 and 1961. On the other side, by the early 1960s, aid reached $400 million per year. At the peak level, we get to know that in the first phase of the same decade, only United Stated provided fifty percent of the total aid Pakistan was receiving; which covered one third of the development budget and financed more than half of the import bill. It was the time by 1982, US was givibg $ 5.1 Billion to Pakistan as aid on annual basis. (Ibrahim, 2009) in his research (U.S. aid to Pakistan-U.S. Tax payers have funded Pakistani corruption) discussed the situation getting further worse when sanctions were imposed by the G-8 countries on bilateral and multilateral lending as a consequence of Pakistans nuclear tests in May 1998 and subsequently because of the military coup in October 1999. Pakistan was able to reschedule US $ 3.96 billion of its bi-lateral liabilities through the Paris Club in 2000. The reschedule was, however, on short-term basis and dependent on the IMF agreement, which was being finalized at the time with all its stringent conditionality. The post September 11, 2001, events once again brought Pakistan into the limelight of global geo-strategic interests. The most significant benefit which Pakistan attained vis-à  -vis its external debt problem was the restructuring agreement with the Paris Club in December 2001. Under the agreement, the debt repayment period was extended to a span of 38 years with a grace period of 15 years. This means that Pakistans debt servicing liabilities will decline by US $ 2.7 billion between 2002 and 2004 and according to the State Bank; the net present value of external debt is expected to decline somewhere between 27 and 43 per cent between 2002 and 2017. All these problems faced by Pakistan are quite alarming and shows a need of taking massive and severe steps to take the position in a controllable mode, as further delay will make Pakistan drift herself into many other financial as well as social issues. (Ahmed, 2010) argued that Pakistan must refuse to pay foreign debt payment and spend the same amount on relief and rehabilitation of people affected from recent flood and terrorism. He said that 20 Million populations have got effected from the angry flood which are a crucial part of $ 54 Billion foreign debt yet to be paid back with interest. People in Pakistan are already facing unemployment, hunger and worst hardships and the episode of the flood creating massive problems for such a huge number of populations is again devastating. Therefore, Pakistan is greatly unable to service its debt liability. Pakistan spends $ 3 Billion every year on its debt servicing where Pakistans debt-to-GDP ratio has skipped the massive height of 61% this fiscal year. Government is sometimes talking of cutting development budget and reduces subsidies on the call of IMF. The situation according to him is getting more badly where Government is talking about levying flood tax on the poor people of Pakista n. Despite of taking such steps, Pakistans government should take serious steps in the eradication of such problems by cutting military and capital budgets. (Haider Mullick, 2004) discusses the fact that though Pakistan has been a front-line ally to The United States for the war on terrorism to curb the threats on the US soil; but received a sum of $2.4 billion in foreign aid  [5]  . He further argues that after the terrorist attacks on the WTC on September 11, 2001 many of the rich and developed nations pondered over the fact that foreign aid to UDCs has now turned to a new phenomenon with a blend of new priority and importance unlike previous times. All is due to the reason of such UDCs falling into the hands of radical extremists and fanatics which finance the poor and misuse their status of poverty. It is just due to the Pakistans involvement to help the US and NATO forces to defeat the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the US are allocating massive aid in an injecting manner similar to 80s. But the end result could become much fierce. There can be a financial dead-lock in the country if the US and NATO move out of the Afghan lan d in next 10 years. Our system in Pakistan will be so dependent on the aid and grants that when it will be removed; there is a growing fear of over all system-collapse. He stresses on the immediate need of autarky and self dependence like India and China. (Martin, 2009) writes in his research about Pakistan Capital Crisis that Pakistans government has reached to an agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for a sum of $ 7.6 B in the form of loans followed by massive hefts of impositions on the economy of Pakistan. Despite of the huge sum, Pakistans financial dichotomy still persists and the state has requested additionally for a sum of $ 4.5 billion. He states that Pakistan badly affected capital situation is affecting the nations over all economic efficiency and performance leading towards socio-political havoc. He further extends his argument to the debt burden Pakistan is getting in such monetary and socio-economics problems that it will become very difficult for a common Pakistani to win bread for his family. He discusses about different research groups which have recently issued reports on the prevailing circumstances in the country that further recommends on the actions that the United States can do to help an improv ed economic system. He indicates the role of Congress that may consider many of the recommendations and take severe actions to increase in USs non-military assistance and establishment of reconstruction opportunity zones in the country. It is barely on the mercy of time which will show the effectiveness of what such recommendations will bring; prosperity or disaster. The US is interested in a firm and established democratic Pakistan which can act as a front-line ally to the US interests in Afghanistan and South Asia. The US wants to assist Pakistan on the basis of regional and global terrorism which is the major threat to the US after September 11, 2001. Now, the US think-tanks are pondering over the fact that a financial stalemate in the country will might weaken multilateral endeavors to soothe South Asia and restrain the growing emergence of Islamic extremism; so there is an immediate need of capital assistance in a rapid and quick way. (Momani, 2004) discusses the Triad focusing on Pakistan, The IMF and The U.S. War on Terrosism. She argues the basic question that did The U.S intrude to approve the final payout of Pakistans IMF as a prize to support the United States war on terrorism? It is a rule of thumb that The IMF has been always politicized to attain foreign policy objectives which are important to the U.S. It is a matter of fact that Pakistans loans approval was immediately given after 9/11 attacks by the IMF but was scheduled for the approval by the executive board of IMF. The overall situation gets clumsy as there are strong and positive linkages of the United States influence inside the decision makings of The IMF to strongly correlate objectives getting success in the end- Exactly what The United States have been doing to all Under developed countries (UDCs) across the globe. Although there are weak evidences present of the USs influence in the case of Pakistan but the writer argues that The United State s clearly wanted to take a credit for the approved payment by the IMF to the country, getting General Musharraf as a front line ally to attack Afghanistan. (Hameed et al , 2008) discuss how external debt and aid is deteriorating the fiscal and monetary policies of Pakistan. In their research that even in short run or long run; the relationship between debt shamble and economic growth is always negative in the Pakistans history until now. It is clear to every one that debt and debt servicing responsibilities always bring negative productivity as far as labor and capital is concerned. Now, the relationship is causal to the fiscal deficit in the country. When there is a problem in the labor and productivity, there is always a negative impact on the taxation base. On the other hand there are severe problems prevailing as people always look to avoid or evade taxes. The researchers also focused on the need of cutting the above mentioned expenditures drastically so that there should be an adequate cushion given to the injured fiscal structure of the country. They also stressed on the reality that debt service relation tends to affect negativel y GDP and thereby the rate of economic growth in the long-run, which, in turn, reduces the ability of the country to service its debt. Now tax being the foremost and crucial part of the fiscal structure as revenue plays a very important element as far as the capital, development and military expenditures are in question. The researchers claim that external debt is not good for a country in general and Pakistan particularly after a certain limit as piles of interest has to be returned back which further deteriorate the fiscal structure of the country. (Hashmi, 2009) worked on the reflections of Pakistans economy due to the war on terror. On the other hand she also focused on the mutual relationship between the fiscal discrepancies and Pakistans involvement in the War on terror as an ally of the United States. As matter of fact, Pakistan was a heaven for most of the world most renowned investors which always saw Pakistan as place where huge piles of profits are present. There were and still ate many latent demands which people want in their life. Consequently, many of the Multinational companies and other world class organizations were interested in setting up business in Pakistan and importing the raw material in the field of textiles and other services into their own countries. With the invasion of NATO and US troops in Afghanistan, the situation was worse than ever before in the history of Pakistan. All of a sudden all the investors from Pakistan flew away taking all their capital and investment out of the country. Stock markets crashed as due to the war in Afghanistan, all the foreign investors were afraid of loosing their huge chunks of virtues; the virtues which in the end makes Pakistan generates heavy amounts of taxes being used as revenue for the state. There is a worse fiscal and monetary gridlock in the country after facing much socio-economic and political instability. (Burki, 2008) applies the political economic analysis of decision making processes in the donor country to the special case of US aid to Pakistan. Pakistan is not an extremely poor country but nevertheless, it is among the 5 major recipients of foreign aid. Over the last decades, Pakistans aid receipts show considerable shifts for which no obvious development related reasons can be provided. This calls for explanations related to reasons other than developmental efficiency which require a closer look at decision making processes on the donor side. Looking at the United States as the single most important bilateral donor, we draw upon earlier analyses of the effect of lobbying on congressional decision making. Numerous studies, like Coughlin (1985), Tosini and Tower (1987), Harper and Aldrich (1991), Marks (1993) and Baldwin and Magee (1998) empirically tested the hypothesis of domestic lobbies affecting congressional voting behavior with respect to US trade policy. A more recent stud y by Gawanda et al. (2004) also includes the effect of lobbies working for foreign principals, e.g., for foreign governments and foreign business groups. As a result, the external assistance Pakistan has been given was all on the basis of political interests of the donor countries and show minimal or negligible improvement in the economic and fiscal structure of the country. Over the years, the sums of aids and external debts have been getting a sky-high increase but the monetary situation is worse since 1947. He argues that there is a negative relation of aid and foreign debt with the economic uplift of a country, especially in Pakistan where the situation is quite different due to its involvement in war on terror, prevailing corruption, and no productivity due to energy crisis, Minimum subsidies and The IMFs impositions on the poor Pakistani. Results from ineffective use of the money show that unidirectional causality runs from the foreign exchange constraint to the budget deficit and then from the budget deficit to the external debt stock. Bi-directional causality was observed between foreign exchange requirements and the external debt stock. Chapter III 3.0 Theoretical Framework CHAPTER IV METHODOLOGY AND CHOICE OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE 4.1 Research type In order to conduct my research study the most suitable data I have gathered is secondary in nature collected from reliable and consistent data sources and no primary data has been collected, hence my study will be referred to as secondary research. 4.2 Data type Reference Period Data type is purely secondary in nature as no primary data has been acquired. Reference period for my research is from 1995-2009 Research Hypothesis 4.3.1 Basic Research Hypothesis First Hypothesis Ho: External aid and debt has a negative correlation with the GDP growth in Pakistan from 1995-2009 HA: External aid and debt has a positive correlation with the GDP growth in Pakistan from 1995-2009 Second Hypothesis Ho: Economic growth will not be continual by rising external debt and foreign aid to Pakistan HA: Economic growth will be continual by rising external debt and foreign aid to Pakistan 4.3.2 Statistical Hypothesis Grants as a percentage of GDP H0: To test the hypothesis that Grants as a percentage of GDP has no negative on External debt as a percentage of GGP H0:ÃŽÂ ²1=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that Grants as a percentage of GDP has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GGP H1:ÃŽÂ ²1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 Foreign Direct Investment H0: To test the hypothesis that FDI as a percentage of GDP has insignificant no negative on External debt as a percentage of GDP H0:ÃŽÂ ²2=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that FDI as a percentage of GDP has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H1:ÃŽÂ ²2à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 Debt Servicing H0: To test the hypothesis that Debt servicing as a percentage of GDP has no positive impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H0:ÃŽÂ ²3=0 H1: To test the hypothesis Debt Servicing as a percentage of GDP has positive impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H1:ÃŽÂ ²3à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 Trade Deficit H0: To test the hypothesis that Trade Deficit as a percentage of GDP has no negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H0:ÃŽÂ ²4=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that Trade Deficit as a percentage of GDP has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H1:ÃŽÂ ²4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 Fiscal Deficit H0: To test the hypothesis that Fiscal Deficit as a percentage of GDP has no negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H0:ÃŽÂ ²5=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that Fiscal Deficit as a percentage of GDP P has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H1:ÃŽÂ ²5à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 Saving Investment Gap H0: To test the hypothesis that Saving- Investment Gap as a percentage of GDP has no negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H0:ÃŽÂ ²6=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that Saving- Investment Gap as a percentage of GDP P has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H1:ÃŽÂ ²6à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 3.4.1 Variable reference list Dependent Variable External Debt as a percentage of GDP (Malik, 2010) Independent Variables Fiscal Deficit as a percentage of GDP* (Ashfaq, et al 1999) Foreign Direct Investment as a percentage of GDP* (Azam et al, 2009) Balance of Payment as a Percentage of GDP* (Loser, 1977) and (Malik et al, 2010) Exchange rate fluctuation (Mahmood et al , 2009) Capital Flight (Chipalkati , Rishi; 2009) Foreign Aid as a percentage of GDP* (Miles B. Cahill, Paul N. Isely) Saving-Investment Gap percentage of GDP (Malik, 2010) Debt Servicing percentage of GDP* (Clement, et al, 2009) Trade Deficit as a percentage of GDP* (Mohammad, 2010) Grants excluding technical assistance percentage of GDP* (Befekadu Degefe ) * as a percentage of GDP is used to gauge the variables in accordance to economic growth of Pakistan Information gathering and sampling procedures Data Sources The data sources for my research study are as follows: WDI Data reliability and internal consistency WDI is a renowned database developed by World Bank. The data from WDI is completely reliable to be used in the research. 3.4.4 Data analysis tools and techniques Multiple regression: To measure the increasing effect of independent variables on the dependent variable and to obtain a single regression line for all variables, which will be further used in hypothesis testing Granger Causality: The researcher would like to identify whether variation in a variable will enclose an impact on changes other variables Scatter Plots: Such plots will also be used for graphical representation of data. 4.1 Statistical Analysis Grants and External Debt Dependent Variable: External Debt as a Percentage of GDP Independent Variable: Grants excluding technical assistance as a percentage of GDP In this relation, the result is significant at 15% level. Keeping all other variables constant, one Dollar change in External debt as a percentage of GDP creates negative 3.83 Dollars in Grants excluding technical assistance (as a percentage of GDP). This is because in many underdeveloped parts of the world, Grants excluding technical assistance is used to finance much governmental expenditure. Also, such grants are also used in debt servicing. As a special case, Pakistan has been using such grants in the same manner. This is because Pakistan has been a key ally to The United States of America for War against Terrorism. The country has been paying much in the form of deficits in each governmental tool. Hence, the lesser Grants given to Pakistan, more piling of external debt will be apparent. T-stat for ÃŽÂ ²1 comes out to be 1.156; where T-Critical is 1.108 at 15% significant level. In this way, the research tends to reject H0, where Hypothesis is: H0: To test the hypothesis that Grants as a percentage of GDP has no negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GGP H0:ÃŽÂ ²1=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that Grants as a percentage of GDP has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GGP H1:ÃŽÂ ²1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 Grants and External Debt Dependent Variable: External Debt as a Percentage of GDP Independent Variable: Grants excluding technical assistance as a percentage of GDP In this relation, the result is significant at 15% level. Keeping all other variables constant, one Dollar change in External debt as a percentage of GDP creates negative 3.83 Dollars in Grants excluding technical assistance (as a percentage of GDP). This is because in many underdeveloped parts of the world, Grants excluding technical assistance is used to finance much governmental expenditure. Also, such grants are also used in debt servicing. As a special case, Pakistan has been using such grants in the same manner. This is because Pakistan has been a key ally to The United States of America for War against Terrorism. The country has been paying much in the form of deficits in each governmental tool. Hence, the lesser Grants given to Pakistan, more piling of external debt will be apparent. As the regression equation is: ÃŽÂ ± = 35.0 3.83 ÃŽÂ ²1 2.89 ÃŽÂ ²2 1.87 ÃŽÂ ²3 + 0.581 ÃŽÂ ²4 + 3.10 ÃŽÂ ²5 0.133 ÃŽÂ ²6 T-stat for ÃŽÂ ²1 comes out to be 1.156; where T-Critical is 1.108 at 15% significant level. In this way, the research tends to reject H0, where Hypothesis is: H0: To test the hypothesis that Grants as a percentage of GDP has positive impact on External debt as a percentage of GGP H0:ÃŽÂ ²1=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that Grants as a percentage of GDP has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GGP H1:ÃŽÂ ²1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 Grants and External Debt Dependent Variable: External Debt as a Percentage of GDP Independent Variable: FDI as a percentage of GDP H0: To test the hypothesis that FDI as a percentage of GDP has positive correlation with External debt as a percentage of GDP H0:ÃŽÂ ²2=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that FDI as a percentage of GDP has negative correlation with External debt as a percentage of GDP H1:ÃŽÂ ²2à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 As the regression equation is: ÃŽÂ ± = 35.0 3.83 ÃŽÂ ²1 2.89 ÃŽÂ ²2 1.87 ÃŽÂ ²3 + 0.581 ÃŽÂ ²4 + 3.10 ÃŽÂ ²5 0.133 ÃŽÂ ²6 It states that negative change of $ 2.89 in FDI (as a percentage of GDP) adds $ 1 External Debt (as a percentage of GDP. Hence, lesser the FDI, more is the external debt. On the other hand t-stat for ÃŽÂ ²2 is 1.824; where T-Critical is 1.108 at 15% significant level. Since t-stat is greater than t-critical, the researcher tends to reject the null hypothesis which states that FDI (as a percentage of GDP) as a negative correlation with external debt (as a percentage of GDP) Debt Servicing and External Debt Dependent Variable: External Debt as a Percentage of GDP Independent Variable: Debt Servicing as a percentage of GDP H0: To test the hypothesis that Debt servicing as a percentage of GDP has positive correlation with External debt as a percentage of GDP H0:ÃŽÂ ²3=0 H1: To test the hypothesis Debt Servicing as a percentage of GDP has negative correlation with External debt as a percentage of GDP H1:ÃŽÂ ²3à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 As the regression equation suggests: ÃŽÂ ± = 35.0 3.83 ÃŽÂ ²1 2.89 ÃŽÂ ²2 1.87 ÃŽÂ ²3 + 0.581 ÃŽÂ ²4 + 3.10 ÃŽÂ ²5 0.133 ÃŽÂ ²6 A negative change of $ 1.87 in Debt Servicing as a percentage of GDP adds $ 1 External Debt (as a percentage of GDP). Hence, lesser the debt retirement is, the more is the external debt piling is seen in Pakistan (1995-2009) On the other hand t-stat for ÃŽÂ ²3 is 1.442; where T-Critical is 1.108 at 15% significant level. Since t-stat is greater than t-critical, the researcher tends to reject the null hypothesis which states that Debt Servicing (as a percentage of GDP) as a negative correlation with external debt (as a percentage of GDP). Trade Deficit and External Debt Dependent Variable: External Debt as a Percentage of GDP Independent Variable: Trade Deficit as a percentage of GDP H0: To test the hypothesis that Trade Deficit as a percentage of GDP has a positive correlation with External debt as a percentage of GDP H0:ÃŽÂ ²4=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that Trade Deficit as a percentage of GDP has a negative correlation with External debt as a percentage of GDP H1:ÃŽÂ ²4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 The regression equation suggests that: ÃŽÂ ± = 35.0 3.83 ÃŽÂ ²1 2.89 ÃŽÂ ²2 1.87 ÃŽÂ ²3 + 0.581 ÃŽÂ ²4 + 3.10 ÃŽÂ ²5 0.133 ÃŽÂ ²6 $ 0.581 change in Trade Deficit (Trade deficit increases i.e. Imports>exports) as a percentage of GDP creates a positive change of $ 0.581 External debt as a percentage of GDP. Hence, greater the trade deficit is, the more is external debt evident in Pakistan (1995-2009) On the other hand t-stat for ÃŽÂ ²4 is 1.311; where T-Critical is 1.108 at 15% significant level. Since t-stat is greater than t-critical, the researcher tends to reject the null hypothesis which states that Trade Deficit (as a percentage of GDP) as a negative correlation with external debt (as a percentage of GDP). Grants and External Debt Dependent Variable: External Debt as a Percentage of GDP Independent Variable: Fiscal Deficit as a percentage of GDP H0: To test the hypothesis that Fiscal Deficit as a percentage of GDP has no negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H0:ÃŽÂ ²5=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that Fiscal Deficit as a percentage of GDP P has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDP H1:ÃŽÂ ²5à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0 The regression equation suggests that: ÃŽÂ ± = 35.0 3.83 ÃŽÂ ²1 2.89 ÃŽÂ ²2 1.87 ÃŽÂ ²3 + 0.581 ÃŽÂ ²4 + 3.10 ÃŽÂ ²5 0.133 ÃŽÂ ²6 $3.10 change in Fiscal Deficit (i.e. Government Revenues > Government Expenses)as a percentage of GDP creates a positive change of $ 1.00 in Pakistans external debt. Hence, greater the fiscal deficit is, the more is external debt is in Pakistan during 1995-2009. On the other hand t-stat for ÃŽÂ ²4 is 1.834; where T-Critical is 1.108 at 15% significant level. Since t-stat is greater than t-critical, the researcher tends to reject the null hypothesis which states that Fiscal Deficit (as a percentage of GDP) as a negative correlation with external debt (as a percentage of GDP). Saving Investment Gap and External Debt Dependent Variable: External Debt as a Percentage of GDP Independent Variable: Saving Investment gap as a percentage of GDP H0: To test the hypothesis that Saving- Investment Gap as a percentage of GDP has positive correlation on External debt as a percentage of GDP H0:ÃŽÂ ²6=0 H1: To test the hypothesis that Saving- Investment Gap as a percentage of GDP P has negative correlation

It Wont Happen to Me - Original Writing :: Papers

It Won't Happen to Me - Original Writing Harvey had heard about the disappearances in the forest. Despite what his parents had said and the rumours he had heard, he was not going to let himself be scared by some over exaggerated stories. After all, he was fifteen years old, strong and definitely didn't think anything could possibly happen to him. It was one of those days in the middle of July when the summer seems as if it will never end. Harvey wanted to make the most of his holiday and was going to stay at someone's house with a couple of friends and hoped to arrive before dark. His parents had insisted on him taking the long way round and bypassing the forest but he decided it would take too long. He felt it made no sense riding the long way around instead of taking the direct route so he grabbed his backpack, hopped on his bike and started to make his way through the dirty trails of the forest. All was going well, Harvey was cheerful and was looking forward to the night ahead of him. He thought that if he kept up this pace he would be at his friend's house in no time. But suddenly he heard something from underneath him. Upon further inspection he realized he had suffered a puncture. "Damn", he cursed as he examined the damage. The tyre was completely deflated and there was no hope of cycling the rest of the journey. He stood still in the middle of the middle of the forest for a few moments and contemplated what would be the best thing to do. He remembered he had left his bike lock at home and was angry with himself that he had left with such haste. He decided that all he could do was put his bike behind a towering fir tree and hope that its bright red colour scheme didn't attract too much attention. The light was beginning to fade so he quickly rejoined the track and carried on with his journey.

Animal Rights Issue Research question

Topic: Animal Rights Issue Research question: Has animal rights issue gone too far? Working thesis statement: Do animal rights organization take it too far, when it actively encourages a vegetarian diet as a way of life? Yes it’s taking it too far by ignoring the value of nutrients that meat can offer our bodies. Research plan: I plan to conduct my research on the issue if animal rights organizations have gone too far in promoting a vegetarian diet. But also on those who do not encourage this and the importance that meat has.Some of the sites I will be using are http://www. prairie. org/, http://digitalcommons. csbsju. edu, and other resources. Timetable for Research Project Assignments| Assignment related to the research paper| Description of and points for the assignment:| Due date as indicated in course syllabus:| Exact Date and time in MST:| Research Proposal and Outline| Four part proposal and six part outline (60 pts. ). | Week 4 in Dropbox| 8/9/2012 at 3:00pm| Annotated Bibliography| List and summary of at least five sources (100 pts). Week 5 in Dropbox| 8/16/2012 at 3:00pm| First Draft of Research Paper| Draft of first three sections of final paper, including introduction, thesis statement, and problem section (60 pts). | Week 6 in Dropbox| 8/22/2012 at 3:00pm| Second Draft of Research Paper| Draft of final three sections of final paper, including solution and call to action sections | Week Discussion topic 2 | 8/27/2012 at 5:00pm| Research Paper Presentation| The format presentation of the entire paper (50 pts). Week 7 in Dropbox| 8/29/2012 at 6:00pm| Final Research Paper| Entire paper addressing feedback on first two drafts. It must have all six sections and include a References page (150 pts). | Week 8 in Dropbox| 9/4/2012 at 3:00pm| Research Outline I. I plan to conduct my research on and if animal rights organizations have gone too far in promoting a vegetarian diet? And those who do not encourage this and the importance that meat has. Is an imal rights organization taking it too far, when it actively encourages a vegetarian diet as a way of life?Of course it’s taking it too far by ignoring the value of nutrients that meat can offer our bodies. II. Of course it’s taking it too far by promoting a diet that should have nothing to do with animal abuse. III. Secondly, they ignore the value of nutrients that meat can offer our bodies that can lead to healthier muscle growth. IV. A solution to this would be to find a different method that is least painful for the animals we kill to eat. V. A second solution would be to let others eat what they want, and focus more on stricter laws.To actually putting a stop those who are abusing these animals. VI. I agree that everything on earth is for the utility of humanity. But that doesn’t give any one the right to abuse, or be cruel towards an animal. We should focus more on stricter policies, and stopping does who make these animals suffer pain. Just because an ani mal is killed to provide meat, is no reason to turn vegetarian. Humans have a right to eat meat. The abuse has to stop, so that we are provided with a healthier meat.

Sop communication engineering

The heart of human excellence often begins to beat when you discover a pursuit that absorbs you, challenges you and gives you a sense of meaning, joy and passion. I have found that one thing that helps me to live peacefully on this glorious planet is â€Å"successful engagement in meaningful work† keeping in my mind where my hands are. An intrepid dream by the Wright brothers to give the humankind wings to fly, an intrepid dream by few thoughtful men to let the human race take the first step on the moon.I think hat it is the gift to dream, the ability to ponder beyond facts and the intelligence to make thoughts into reality that sets us apart from the rest in the tree of evolution. From the wheel to pacemaker, history is replete with events where a simple, yet brilliant idea has changed the way future generations live for decades, and even countries. I believe in seeing dreams and giving my best to realize those dreams that will be a step forward in the betterment of the human race.Dreams are what made the world, what it is today. In an era of competition and excellence, engineering has taken strides which our forefathers never even dreamt of. To be an excellent instrument for the development of our world we must be educated, cultured, refined and thoughtful. Knowledge is what elevates man to a disciplined being. To be an erudite is not only about possessing education but also having skill to implement it in a practical world.An aspiration to become a pioneer in the field of Electronics prevailed right from my childhood. The desire of gaining in-depth knowledge and my enthusiasm and curiosity to understand the mechanics of electronic devices and about communication systems led me to hose Electronics and Communication engineering as my undergraduate study. During my undergraduate studies, lectures delivered by eminent people who are leaders in their field exposed me to the needs and aspirations of the industry. Id my summer in-plant training in Airports A uthority of India, where I was engaged in learning various functional aspects of security and communication equipments such as X-ray baggage Inspection System (SIBS) and CATV camera used for surveillance purpose. During my third year of undergraduate study had the opportunity to visit Doorman's Achaean, which is the Indian's largest public broadcaster. Had a great experience working with the technicians in this platform where I had a thorough knowledge about the working mechanism in Production control room, Master control room, earth station and transmission process.To implement practically what had learnt in my three years of undergraduate study, I did my final year project which is about â€Å"Implementation Of tamper proof ATM and weapon identification system. † Looting money, ATM robbery/ burglars damaging the money vending machines have become common. So, n order to save the lives of common people I had used a vibration sensor and inductive proximity sensor which will al ert the cops using a RFC transceiver.Hence, this is an added protection to ATM itself. In addition to the above projects, I am currently pursuing a course on â€Å"CAN (Switching and Routing)† that validates the ability to install, configure, operate and troubleshoot medium-size routed and switched networks. I believe this course is supportive for any communication engineer to know more in depth about NETWORKING and also hope that this course will be beneficial for me to attain an internship experience in your laboratory.To further my knowledge in the field of Communication Systems, I wish to pursue my higher studies and excel in a graduate school that stands for high quality teaching and infrastructure which could help me realize my goal of becoming a lead engineer in the field of communication systems. Nanning Technological University (ANTI) is likely to provide me just that through its Communication Engineering program. The course listings under this program with subjects such as Digital communication systems, Optical fiber communications,Computer networks, Antennas and propagation for wireless systems and all other courses provides me a great platform to further my ideas. This knowledge shall help me in design an effective, efficient and safe system, play a significant role in long-term planning and help me to become a successful communication engineer. I strongly believe .NET is the place that provides the path towards my destination. NUT has one of the topmost ranked graduate programs in Communication Engineering in terms of experienced faculty and state-of-the-art infrastructure and research facilities.

Definition and Examples of Multilingualism

Definition and Examples of Multilingualism Multilingualism is the ability of an individual speaker or a community of speakers to communicate effectively in three or more languages. Contrast with monolingualism, the ability to use only one language. A person who can speak multiple languages is known as a polyglot or a multilingual. The original language a person grows up speaking is known as their first language or mother tongue. Someone who is raised speaking two first languages or mother tongues is called a simultaneous bilingual. If they learn a second language later, they are called a sequential bilingual. Examples and Observations Majesty, the Herr Direttore, he has removed uno balletto that would have occurred at this place. - Italian Kapellmeister Bonno in Amadeus Multilingualism as the Norm We estimate that most of the human language users in the world speak more than one language, i.e. they are at least bilingual. In quantitative terms, then, monolingualism may be the exception and multilingualism the norm... - Peter Auer and Li Wei Bilingualism and Multilingualism Current research...begins by emphasizing the quantitative distinction between multilingualism and bilingualism and the greater complexity and diversity of the factors involved in acquisition and use where more than two languages are involved (Cenoz 2000; Hoffmann 2001a; Herdina and Jessner 2002). Thus, it is pointed out that not only do multilinguals have larger overall linguistic repertoires, but the range of the language situations in which multilinguals can participate, making appropriate language choices, is more extensive. Herdina Jessner (2000b:93) refer to this capacity as the multilingual art of balancing communicative requirements with language resources. This wider ability associated with the acquisition of more than two languages has also been argued to distinguish multilinguals in qualitative terms. One . . . qualitative distinction seems to lie in the area of strategies. Kemp (2007), for example, reports that multilingual learners learning strategies differ from those o f monolingual students learning their first foreign language. - Larissa Aronin and David Singleton Are Americans Lazily Monolingual? The celebrated multilingualism of not just Europe but also the rest of the world may be exaggerated. The hand-wringing about America’s supposed linguistic weakness is often accompanied by the claim that monolinguals make up a small worldwide minority. The Oxford linguist Suzanne Romaine has claimed that bilingualism and multilingualism are a normal and unremarkable necessity of everyday life for the majority of the world’s population. - Michael Erard New Multilingualisms [I]n paying attention to the language practices of young people in urban settings, we see new multilingualisms emerging, as the young people create meanings with their diverse linguistic repertoires. We see the young people (and their parents and teachers) using their eclectic array of linguistic resources to create, parody, play, contest, endorse, evaluate, challenge, tease, disrupt, bargain and otherwise negotiate their social worlds. - Adrian Blackledge and Angela Creese Sources Bleichenbacher, Lukas. Multilingualism in the Movies. University of Zurich, 2007.Auer, Peter and Wei, Li. Introduction: Multilingualism as a Problem? Monolingualism as a Problem? Handbook of Multilingualism and Multilingual Communication. Mouton de Gruyter, 2007, Berlin.Aronin, Larissa and Singleton, David. Multilingualism John Benjamins, 2012, Amersterdam.Erard, Michael. Are We Really Monolingual? The New York Times Sunday Review, January 14, 2012.Blackledge, Adrian and Creese, Angela. Multilingualism: A Critical Perspective. Continuum, 2010, London, New York.

Discussion Board 1-2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Board 1-2 - Assignment Example The understanding also related to cultural prescriptions that considers sexual intercourse as defilement. This attitude is different from the current attitudes that regard sexual intercourse as normal activity. The current understanding about sexual intercourse relates to availability of pornographic videos, pictures and press as well as media discussions about human sexuality. Another influence for the attitudinal changes across the generation relates to increased Westernization of the world that spreads Western culture, which views sexual intercourse as normal. My grandparent’s generation viewed women as holding low profile in the society and as instruments for facilitating home chores, giving birth to children and taking care of families in homes. This understanding was due to illiteracy, strict social norms and suppressed feminist organizations. The rise and strengthening of human, social and feminist activism has transformed the situation making women enjoy access to powerful social and economic positions. Women have become important component of societies with ability to engage in active employment opportunities. The technological changes witnessed across the globe have also made it easy for women to employ easy techniques to accomplish feminine duties. The generation of my grandparent also rebuked homosexuality, bestiality, pederasty and fornication due to strict adherence to Biblical, moral and cultural teaching. Such sexual acts translated to breach of morality and being unreasonable. The reasons for such sexual attitudes are the same to those that govern my personal attitude towards

Five legal questions in construction industry Coursework - 1

Five legal questions in construction industry - Coursework Example In a sense contracts represents the base of many commercial activities and therefore represent one of the most important area in business law. In these cases, letters of intent are widely used in binding these contracts. In these letters, the interested parties state their future intentions of entering into the formal contractual agreement. Letters of intent may be described as an agreement between two parties who wish to be in a contract. Different authors have tried to explain the meaning of the letters of intent in many ways. For instance, Adriaanse (2010, P. 55) sated that letters of intent are usually a response triggered by negotiations which go on for too long and thus impact on the completion date because the start date might be delayed. In the letter, the sender states their future intention to enter into a formal contractual agreement with the receiver to carry out a certain job. In the context of construction projects, LOI marks the respond from the employer to an offer made by the contractor through the tendering process. It also state the demand to start carrying out of the agreed work based on their intention to get into a contractual relationship. In most instances, the desire of the employer is to get the job done within the speculated date, or duration. It may become vital to commence the work before t he pending agreements are set right. Letters of intent makes it possible for the intention to create a legal relationship be considered. A complete contract requires that the parties involved intent to enter a legal binding agreement. This will mean that the parties must intent to create legal relations and must get to know that their agreements can further be enforced by law. In normal conditions, the intention to create legal relationship between parties is presumed. In so doing, the contract will not necessarily state that one doesn’t understand and intent any of the legal consequences to follow. In other

Gay Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Gay Marriage - Essay Example Connecticut in reality began permitting same-sex marriages in the fall of 2009. In April 2009, Iowa's Supreme Court ruled in favor of permitting same-sex couples to marry, also giving advocates an important first victory in the nation's heartland and thwarting the notion that only the Northeast will permit it. 7 April 2009 the Vermont Legislature made the difference. Jim Douglas's veto of a bill permitting gay couples to marry, mustering precisely enough votes to conserve the measure. This step made Vermont the first state to actually permit same-sex marriage through legislative action instead of the ruling of court. Two more states--New Hampshire and New Jersey--recognize civil unions for same-sex couples; an intermediate step that supporters say has made same-sex marriage seem less scary. New England remains pivotal in same-sex marriage movement, with a campaign under way that will extend marriage rights to gay men and lesbians in all six of the region's states by 2012. The meaning of marriage gets completely redefined when two men marry each other and the same has become an issue that has come to the limelight. Gay marriage is a serious threat and it challenges the nature too and this is because two men can never reproduce and take their generation forward. They can adopt a child but they can never fulfill the gap left, that gap can only be fulfilled by a mother. The divorce rates are extremely high when two men or women marry each other and research goes to prove it. Heterosexual divorces are much less than homosexual divorces and this is another reason why people oppose gay marriages. Gay marriages have also come under intense scrutiny with regard to the tradition that the world has been following for many years. When it comes to mental health, it has been found that Gays are much less healthier than normal people and this is because of their genetic makeup, their way of walking, the way they talk differs from normal people and they are differen t from normal people. The Spread of Immorality The holy Bible is read in almost all the countries and according to the Bible "So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them." (Gods Plan for Sexuality). If the Bible is closely read it is clearly found that gay marriages are completely prohibited and against the law of nature. Bible is considered as the holy book for all those who believe in Christianity and homosexuality is ironically spreading predominantly in Europe where Christians are in abundance. This is completely unacceptable and unjust, people have become hypo crates these days, and they say a different thing but practice a completely different thing. It is high time for self reflection, such people must realize that what they are practicing is completely wrong and they must correct their actions. Bible completely rejects the concept of Gay marriage and this should be understood by the people. "If God had intended the human race to be fulfilled through both heterosexual and homosexual marriage, He would have designed our bodies to allow reproduction through both means and made both means of sexual intercourse healthy and natural. Homosexual anal

Gambino Cleaning Products Salesman System Specification Essay Example for Free

Gambino Cleaning Products Salesman System Specification Essay A new system of calculating and reporting on cleaning products salesmen is to be designed and implemented. Cleaning products salesmen commission is based on a set of data which is the monthly sales of cleaning products sold by the salesmen. Objectives The new system must: * Be automated as far as possible, needing no thorough knowledge of spreadsheets, databases or any other software in order to operate it. * Have fitted controls to ensure precision and completeness of data input. * Take into account commission payments from monthly sales. * Print commission reports for each of the salesmen, and a summary report showing total paid to each salesman and overall total. * Include an option to delete commission records previous to a given date so that the file does not increase for an indefinite period. The proposed new system can be shown in a level 0 data flow diagram as follows: A level 1 Data Flow Diagram of the proposed system is as follows: User functions 1. The Commissioning Salesman in the Sales Department will be responsible for entering all details of new cleaning products salesman and new products. 2. An Accounts clerk will have special responsibility for the commission system. 3. The Accounts clerk will enter each month the sales of each product, giving quantity sold and gross sales value (i.e. quantity X cover price). 4. Every 6 months, the Accounts clerk will produce the Commission reports for each cleaning products salesman. This will show the commission that has been earned in the previous 6 months. A payment is then recorded and a cheque issued to each cleaning products salesman to whom commission is due, together with the Commission statement showing sales details, and the statement from the Accounts system the total amount due. Database specification Menu structure The many functions of the Commission System will be accessed by means of a front-end menu, which will have the following structure. The data model There are three main entities in this system related in the entity relationship diagram shown below. Because a many-to-many relationship cannot be applied in a relational database, an additional entity named Salesman/Product is introduced. The ERD can now be drawn as follows: The database for Gambino cleaning products salesman system specification will have the following tables: tblSalesman (SalesmanID, Surname, FirstName) tblProduct (ProductID, ProductName, SalesTeam, Price) tblSalesman/Product (ProductID, SalesmanID, StandardCommission, BonusCommission) tblSales (SalesNumber, ProductID, Date, QuantitySold, GrossValue) Name Type Meaning Range Where Used tblSalesman Table Salesman Table tblProduct Table Product Table tblSalesman/Product Table Salesman/Product Table tblSales Table Sales Table SalesmanID Text (5) Unique ID Primary key in tblSalesman Foreign key in tblSalesman/Product Surname Text (20) Salesmans Surname tblSalesman Firstname Text (15) Salesmans first name tblSalesman ProductID Text (5) Unique product code Primary key in tblProduct Foreign key in tblSalesman/Product ProductName Text (40) Product title tblProduct SalesTeam Text (40) All salesman who sell a product tblProduct Price Currency Product price tblProduct StandardCommission Number Percentage commission on each product sold 1-10 tblSalesman/Products BonusCommission Number Bonus percentage commission on each products sold 11-20 tblSalesman/Products SalesNumber Number 1=Standard commission 2=Bonus Commission 1 or 2 tblSales QuantitySold Number Number of products sold tblSales GrossValue Currency Data Dictionary Input Specification Three input forms will be required. frmProducts This will be used to enter product details. frmSalesman This will be used to enter details of a salesman and all products on which they receive commission. The commission percentages for each product will be entered in a subform of the main form. Validation methods: The Product ID will be selected from a drop-down list of existing Product IDs. Once a Product ID is entered, the product name will be automatically displayed. frmTransaction This form will be used to enter transactions. Validation methods: Only valid dates will be accepted. The Product ID will be selected from a drop down list of existing Product IDs. Once a Product ID is entered, the product name will be automatically displayed. Selecting a radio button so that only a valid alternative can be selected will choose the transaction type. Process Specification Commission Calculations To calculate the commission for a given transaction, a query has to be performed to combine attributes from tblTransaction, tblProduct, tblProduct/Salesman and tblSalesman. The calculation of the commission is performed as follows: If TransactionType = 1 (i.e sales) ThenRate = StandardCommissionRate ElseRate = BonusCommissionRate endif Amount = Rate * GrossValue These processes will be carried out in qryCommission. This query will be the source of both the commission report and the summary report. Maintenance Each year, transactions prior to a given date will be removed from tblTransactions. This prevents the transaction file from becoming too large and slowing down the system. The maintenance will be carried out as follows: Run a Delete query to delete records from tblTransaction. Test Plan Tests will be carried out using valid and invalid data and data at the extremes of acceptable values.